Midaq Alley :: Naguib Mahfouz, Midaq Alley

Naguib Mahfouz is the author of the book Midaq Alley that was translated from Arabic by Trevor Le Gassick. First published in 1966, Midaq Alley displays a historical period of Egypt in the most intimate sense as it is presented through the lives of the characters that inhabit the alley. Although the book is set in the early forties it possesses a taste of eternity as the reader watches the characters struggle through questions of morality, ethics, and traditions. (The answer of which shape their behavior.) This is all perceived through the eyes of the ageless alley, which is witnessed with total indifference. Thus, inhancing the feeling of eternity within which the circle of life is forever revolving. Midaq Alley persents a diversity of chracters that creates the atmosphere that it is a whole life and a complete portray of a functioning Egyptian socity of the forties. Mahfouz successfully relates the events in Midaq Alley with the outside world by refering to politics. This is illustrated when he states that -at this period of the Egyptian history, working girls were usually jewish-they were the starting flare that began modernization. The materialistic insentive that characterized most of the inhabitants of the alley; best seen in Hamida, who in pursuite of her dreams of wealth and dresses became Titi that belongs to Ibrahim Faraj-the pimp. Another close reference to political events is through Abbas who leaves the alley to go work for the British Army in persue of material gains-regardless of the question of paterialism! furthermore, Mahfouz states the bad conditons of trade through Salim Alwan-the factory owner, as "wartime cut in imports from India". Thus, stimulating me rchantes that are personified in Salim Alwan to trade in different commodities, which perviously never interested them; for instance, tea. This resulted in the creation of black markets and subtaintial profits for merchantes. Intimate description of the inhabitants in Midaq alley gives the alley a life of it's own. Mahfouz indulges the reader in the inhabitants inner thoughts and desires; Kirsha's drug addiction and homosexuality; Zaita's sadistic nature; Hamida's untamed ambitions; Alwan's desires for Hamida; Hussain's dissatisfaction. On the other hand, there is Radwan Hussainy-the religiiou figure; Abbas the niave lover. Thus, Mahfouz created a complete sphere for a socity with the good along the bad; with the intangled destinies of the characters in Midaq Alley.

What Motivates You

What Motivates You! There was a time where employees were known as just another input into the production of goods and services. What possibly changed the way of thinking about employees was research, referred to as the Hawthorne Studies, conducted by Elton Mayo. This study found employees are not motivated solely by money and employee behavior is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973). Why is motivation so important in the work force and what should be done? Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces.Motivated employees help organizations survive, be more productive and managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Some are motivated by being asked for their assistance, others like to take on new challenges with a new assignment. Likewise having a role of leadership by being in command with ever decision you make with more responsibilities with minimum time. Employees are also instigated by being recogniz ed by their values and like to be seen for their values by going and doing something together.Also a compliment, reward or a bonus is another great way to encourage a member by congratulating them for a job well done. A way to get managers to get employee more motivated is by asking for general help, an idea or even opinions. Asking another person for help is possible the most sincere way to recognize their abilities and value as a worker. They themselves would feel useful to you and to the company knowing they are able to help out in any way or form. This might expose the manager with lack of skills and experience, but it gives the worker self confidence and an admirable feeling knowing something a higher position doesn't know.Few years back I use to work for Raaga, a DVD rental store for Indian movies. My manager was not so great with working on the computer and he knew I was a tech savvy in computers. He would ask me questions or get help about basic information, which I was more than happy to assist him motivating me to know something that my manager doesn’t know and makes me feel like I am an asset to have around in the store. Inquiring also shows the respect for their skills and talent that they apprehend, which leads you to greater trust in ones performance.So not only does it motivate workers, but gain respect at the same time. Some members want attention and would be an honor to be asked for help so they can use their knowledge that they have studied to solve the problem in a different form and gives them the motivation to show what they have in them. Not only does asking for help motivate, but asking for is an idea or opinion another key way. If you admire the persons idea for instance, he/she is diligent and finish their work quickly and would like to know how they finish so efficiently.Don't hesitate to ask them there secret, because not only will it flourish your business, but you will also distinguish the skills and ability in a more meani ngful way. By doing so, you not only helping your business, but also give your employees a way to express them of how they think and express themselves during their daily routine. Many managers and owners don’t take the time and trouble to go up to their employee that can suffer the company, along with the employees not having the encouragement to work productively. Motivation can also be found by having your employees rotating in different position within their home department.Many small and large businesses are looking ways to improve the work design system by creating a job rotation strategy. When employees work on the same duty each day without variation, they are more likely develop boredom and carelessness, because they lose their self-esteem and motivation values. Many workers get tired doing the same task repeatedly, which can lower motivation. This not only lets the workers maneuver around at work by having new task, but will reduce the burnout reduction of being in the same position throughout the years.Burnout is an exhaustion feeling that disintegrates businesses leading to decrease productivity, increased absences and increased of people leaving the job. Placing them in a new surrounding can change the person work behavior in an instance. They are now learning different working skills and socializing with other people in different areas of the department, which gives them the challenge to be a more skillful worker. I am currently working for Dish Network and currently we have been doing the same routine throughout the week.So my supervisor gave me a new opportunity by placing me in new location that I have never been to before. This means meeting new customers and newer environment gives a fresher feeling and new experience giving the motivation to keep working. Having a person with different skills and talent can be a plus point for the company. Furthermore, employees that are engaged with a variety of positions throughout the company expe riences increase in appreciation for coworkers and the connection between positions, which lower resentment and improve organizational commitment.Employees at the same time will build up motivational feelings by knowing that they are a great part of an asset to the company and the team. Greater the motivation the other advantage of the job rotation is increased employee satisfaction, because business owners know when a worker are not pleased with people that endeavors. This makes them feel unmotivated, disturbed and depressed, which is disrupting productivity. Informal leadership can also put a major impact on gaining motivation.According to Jeff Haden, author of â€Å"The 5 Best Ways to Praise Employees,† Putting an employee in a short-term informal leadership role can make a major impact. Testing their knowledge, leadership skills and managing with very little time to complete the task. An informal leadership role shows trust in your employee's intelligence and their judgme nts. The more important the assignment is, the bigger the implied praise and the greater the boost to their self esteem, which ties with motivational factors.According to Psychologist Frederick Herzberg, â€Å"Motivational factors are those elements that go above and beyond the basic maintenance factors. † (148). It gives them the opportunity to be recognized, promoted or even be given more responsibilities. This also motivates the employees to improve their productivity. They might find out new and productive way to complete the company’s goals as well as their individual goals. When they are given a big task or project in hand the boss expects you to manage everything by yourself by gathering the right people for the task and giving out orders might give stress to a person.But it unlocks their motivations and ambition to show they have it in them to accomplish anything for a job well done. Managers and employees are usually busy with their own work and never have the time to know one another. Knowing your employees either as a family or friend can make them feel flattered rather than being seen as just another employee at work. A good way to know your employee's value, especially their value to you is by doing something together. It doesn’t have to be work related in general it can be something outside of work. For instance going ut for coffee or lunch break is a great way to have a conversation. Ask about their family and kids or just life in general. At the same time a manger would want to keep a minimum distance by neither being to companionable with the members, because this may disrupt the flow of productivity of work if we had employees being more laid back and coming late to work to the time they are scheduled. By doing something with an employee individually and getting to know them with the slightest attention can also increase production making them feel admired by being known personally by the boss.Employees will automatically know their position to where they stand and will continue to do what it takes to keep the boss satisfied to be known as a valuable employee. The last source and probably the greatest source are by giving a simple compliment for a great job or even an award to show your gratitude. Money is an important factor in life, but it doesn’t always motivate them. What really motivates to perform at higher levels is being thoughtful, personal kind of recognition showing true gratefulness for job well done.For instance when I finish my shift my supervisor gives me a positive feedback at the end of the day letting me know that I am doing a fine job. Many bosses or owners don't give enough of these compliments to their employees after finishing any task, making them feel they haven't done a extensive job. A boss should notice their employee’s performance, because taking someone for granted will never be a proper motivator. Giving a positive response and other forms of showing your appreciation can show great support for the right performance.The cost is little to nothing and can be given when a good deed occurs, which is when motivation has its most effective impact. Giving a time off can also help people’s motivation. If top performers can continue to keep up with high results while working less, everybody wins. A day off doesn’t really cost the organization anything if the performance levels remain high. Coming to work day to day can be exhausting and can wear people out, which may lower motivation to continue to perform like they use to when they first started.A day off can help a person relax, spend time with the family member and regain energy so their minds can be clearer and make accurate decision or just being rewarded by finishing the job quicker. But of course it never hurts to get extra cash in your pocket by getting a bonus in your paycheck. These are only a few ways to motivate your employees and remember what ever motivates one per son might not motivate everyone else. Giving similar rewards does not motivate employees to exceed further and may ruin performance as top achievers see no reason to do the job that they are doing.According to Continental J. Social Sciences group, study of â€Å"The Effects of Motivation on Workers Performance,† hypotenuse predicted that, â€Å"The majority who are 35 in number with 58 percent proof the significance of promotion and fairness in promoting workers performance, while 17 percent who are 10 in number resort to money likewise, 12 percent for security, 8 percent and 5 percent also subscribe for recognition and prestige respectively,† for a more motivational production.It is important to know that motivational influence plays a very big role in the day to day task of workers in every organization. As a result it is clear that workers performance of any sort is a function of motivation getting from the organization and thereby improves and increase productivity . In view of that workers motivation matter a lot and should be concerned for both employers and the employees.There are many ways to motivate a person and everyone has a different way of being encouraged weather its asking your employee for help, getting placed in a role of informal leadership or even going out for a coffee break getting to know each other can be a great way as well. Maneuver your employees in different departments or environment can also be another way for them to have a fresh new feeling and of course being rewarded or getting cash bonus never hurts for getting a job accomplished for a more efficient successful business.

Definition Of A Genetic Disease - 2946 Words

November 18, 2014 MBBB 493 Written Report The definition of a genetic disease given by medicalnet.com is â€Å"any disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual’s genome†(Mednet, 2014). Usually, the abnormality can be caused by a small mutation in the DNA gene or an â€Å"entire set of chromosomes†. There are four different types of inheritance for genetic disease, which are: Single Gene Inheritance, Multifactorial inheritance, Chromosomal Abnormalities, and Mitochondrial Inheritance. Some examples of the single gene inheritance would include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease all of which mutations have occurred in a single gene in the DNA. â€Å"Cystic Fibrosis affects cells that produce mucus and digestive juices which in result turns these cells into thick cells which clog up air pathways in the lungs and pancreas† (MayoClinic, 2012). Currently, there is no cure for CF but there are treatments given to patients that improve their health. â€Å"Mo st patients with CF carry the F508del CFTR mutation, which causes defective CFTR protein folding and processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in minimal amounts of CFTR at the cell surface† (Pubmed, 2011). One way to treat the F508 mutation is to fix it with small molecules such as using VX-809, which is the corrector to treat cystic fibrosis. â€Å"In cultured human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from patients with CF homozygous for F508del, VX-809 improved F508del-CFTR processing in theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Genetics: The Concept of Epistasis1024 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious human diseases (Nagel 2005). An example of such human disease is the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a severe disease causing brain degeneration, strongly affecting memory. Recently, the focus on the study of epistasis has been enhanced as it has been acknowledged that the study of gene interaction is crucial for further understanding complex diseases. The concept of Epistasis There are two major definitions aiming to explain the concept of epistasis: William Batesons’ definition (1909) of compositionalRead MoreGenetic Markers : A Genetic Marker1641 Words   |  7 Pagesunattainable without genetic markers. In everyone there are certain markers that can allow a geneticist to determine a person’s medical future, certain medicines work with some genetic markers and not with others. Many genes are linked to certain diseases and allow a geneticist to possibly prevent diseases. A genetic marker is a DNA sequence with a known specific location on the chromosome, they can be a great indicator for genetic disorders and any other hereditary diseases. Genetic markers are alsoRead MoreMedical Journal Article: Addictions as Real Physical Disease1838 Words   |  7 PagesCharlie Van Houten HIS 240 Spring 2012 The definition of what constitutes a real disease is not as clear cut as one might think. One major area of concern has been the debate between those that believe that the conceptualization of a disease should be free from social influences/values versus those that state that the criteria use to define a disease, especially psychiatric disease like addiction, are a result of social definitions/values (e.g., Szasz, 2008). In general, most health professionalsRead MoreAlcoholism Addiction And An Addiction Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol. There are some organizations and people out there that would combat that widely accepted thought, and consider it a disease over an addiction. What is the difference between a disease and an addiction? To determine the appropriate label, both definitions and the actions that give them that specific definition must be examined. There is a line that separates what is a disease and what is an addiction and there are many different forms of each. Alcoholism is one that is categorized as both, butRead MoreAnti Sense Therapy ( Lnp ) Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology for the treatment of Huntington’s disease and spinal muscular atrophy. The most recently accepted application of Nusinersen, an anti-sense oligonucleotide drug for spinal muscular atrophy by US FDA and EMA and many candidates in late stage clinical trials proves the viability and glory of these candidates as potential drugs for treatment of rare diseases and conditions that need more targeted approach. 2) Anti-Sense Therapy: a) Definition: Anti-sense therapy involves the use of antisenseRead MoreThe Genetic Inheritance And Discovery Of Rheumatoid Arthritis1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe Genetic Inheritance and Discovery of Rheumatoid Arthritis Abigail L. Atkinson B7 Biology 5/22/17  Finding the cause of arthritis is important because 31 million people in the United States of America are affected. The definite cause is still unknown, but in this paper recent scientific studies regarding rheumatoid arthritis will be discussed and explained. Rheumatoid arthritis a serious, crippling disease that comes in many forms. Many people have heard of arthritis, but don’t know exactlyRead More Race: An Evaluation of Science Against Society Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesissue of incorrect usage, a new biological approach becomes more than appropriate. Genotype rather than phenotypic information ought to define race. In doing so, perhaps, the term race will better society by focusing on creating medicine based on genetic information to better treat each patient. The new scientific usage of race will be the only relevant use in our society. Biology contains the solution in which one can be saved from the social construction of race. The problem of race lies inRead MoreEssay On Being Cautious About Cancer758 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Disease is defined as a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment. Simplified, disease is when something goes wrong with the body of an organism due to either a genetic, or external situation. When it comes to disease, genetics is one of the mostRead MoreHuman Genetic Engineering is Morally Justified Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative—Human Genetic Engineering is Morally Justified When they are finally attempted†¦genetic manipulations will†¦be done to change a death sentence into a life verdict. In agreeing with this quote by James D. Watson, director of the Human Genome Project, I affirm today’s resolution, Human genetic engineering is morally justified. I will now present a few definitions. Human genetic engineering is the altering, removal, or addition of genes through genetic processes. Moral is pertainingRead MoreUnit Title: Biochemistry Of Nucleic Acids.(A.C. 5.1 And1583 Words   |  7 Pagessuch if the signals are missing, cells replicate excessively and mutate, forming a tumour, and later, a primary cancer (American cancer society 2014). Figure 1.1. Mutation of the DNA leads to severe diseases such as cancer. (Midhath 2012) Mutation are abnormal changes in the DNA of a gene (Figure 1.1 above) (Midhath 2012). The building block of DNA are called sequences of bases, which determine the gene and its functions (American Cancer Society

Essay on Southeastern Native American Literature - 1215 Words

Southeastern Native American Literature Native American literature from the Southeastern United States is deeply rooted in the oral traditions of the various tribes that have historically called that region home. While the tribes most integrally associated with the Southeastern U.S. in the American popular mind--the FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)--were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) from their ancestral territories in the American South, descendents of those tribes have created compelling literary works that have kept alive their tribal identities and histories by incorporating traditional themes and narrative elements. While reflecting profound awareness of†¦show more content†¦Additional books have showcased the storytelling traditions of other tribes, including Creation Myths and Legends of the Creek Indians, edited by Bill Grantham (2002); Nations Remembered: An Oral History of the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles in Oklahoma, 1865-1907, edited by Theda Perdue (1993); and Native American Legends: Southeastern Legends--Tales from the Natchez, Caddo, Biloxi, Chickasaw, and Other Nations, edited by George E. Lankford and W. K. McNeil (1987). Members of the Five Civilized Tribes were at the vanguard of Native American literature during the nineteenth century. The earliest work of fiction in English by an author of native descent is generally thought to be Poor Sarah, or Religion Exemplified in the Life and Death of an Indian Woman, a 1823 pamphlet probably written by Elias Boudinot (ca. 1804-1839). A formally educated member of the Cherokee tribe who was born in Georgia, Boudinot was the editor of the bilingual newspaper The Cherokee Phoenix, the first periodical published by Native Americans. Poor Sarah was not commercial fiction--it was a propagandistic tract from a religious advocate. The first overtly commercial work of fiction written by a Native American was Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta, the Celebrated California Bandit (1854), a best-selling novel set in California duringShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Healthy Texas Women880 Words   |  4 PagesScientific/intellectual This project will fill gaps in the literature surrounding issues of general reproductive health care access. While literature surrounding the issues of reproductive health care access has increased since the passage of H.B. 2, the literature’s main point of focus is abortion (Gomez, 2015). Furthermore, while this literature does discuss issues of access, it fails to address anything beyond lack of access. Furthermore, while some literature addresses issues between the identities of thoseRead More history of lacrosse Essay examples886 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, having been played by Native American tribes long before any European had even set foot on the continent. A century after European missionaries discovered the game played by Native Americans, they began to play it themselves, starting in the 18th century. From there, it evolved and grew in popularity from a very savage game that resembled war, into what it is today, a recreational sport played widely in America and o ther countries. As U.S. Lacrosse literature aptly puts it quot;Lacrosse isRead MoreHistory of Lacrosse Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, having been played by Native American tribes long before any European had even set foot on the continent. A century after European missionaries discovered the game played by Native Americans, they began to play it themselves, starting in the 18th century. From there, it evolved and grew in popularity from a very savage game that resembled war, into what it is today, a recreational sport played widely in America and other countries. As U.S. Lacrosse literature aptly puts it Lacrosse is a gameRead MoreLiterature Review : Core Elements1389 Words   |  6 Pages Literature Review Core elements Life is difficult for anyone. Some times individuals feel lost or upset and they use substances. When an individual is dependent on substances it is difficult for any individual to deal with these emotions. In the DSM-V alcohol-related disorders include alcohol use disorder, alcohol intoxication and alcohol withdrawal. To be classified as an individual with alcohol disorder one needs to drink alcohol in large amounts or for a longer period than intendedRead MoreApush Chapter 25 Study Guide1276 Words   |  6 Pages1. Describe the rise of the American industrial city, and place it in the context of worldwide trends of urbanization and mass migration (the European diaspora) Cities grew up and out, with such famed architects as  Louis Sullivan  working on and perfecting skyscrapers (first appearing in Chicago in 1885). The city grew from a small compact one that people could walk through to get around to a huge metropolis that required commuting by electric trolleys. Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephonesRead MoreThe Corn Women Selu Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages There are billions of legends recorded from the heart and souls of the Native American people. Some are told as they have been for thousands of years while others are still being created, refitted and reshaped today. The myths and stories of many Native Americans arise from animals, plants, medicine, the elements, music and much more. One tribe, the Cherokee, a Native North American people who once lived in the southeastern United States, has an endless amount of lore. I believe one of the mostRead MoreHome Ranges And The Temporal Distribution Of That Use Is Essential For Understandi ng And Conserving Wildlife Populations1664 Words   |  7 Pages2008). This holds true for American black bears (Ursus americanus) which are classified as a game species in 28 of the 41 states in which they are present (Hristienko McDonald, 2007). Contemporary management programs often center on augmenting or maintaining high quality wildlife habitat, the definition of which has primarily depended on a basic understanding of the species’ general ecology. Black bears are the most widely distributed and smallest bodied North American bear. They are sexually dimorphicRead MoreThe Recognition Of Indian And Transgender Identity Essay1951 Words   |  8 Pagesidentify as transgender is 0.3% in the United States as of 2011. (How Many People Are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender?). The percent of Indians in the United States as of 2013 is two percent, or 5.2 million (Facts for Features: American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2014). The misrepresentation Indians and Transgender communities face within the United States is a controversial issue, one that can be seen in the news, novels, and more. For centuries, Indian communitiesRead MoreContemporary Management Of Traditional Forest1274 Words   |  6 Pages(IFMAT). These forested ecosystems are vital to tribal communities therefore it is important to address frameworks offered for co-managing resources. Despite the popular assumption, Indian tribes have managed lands for thousands of years prior to Euro-American settlement. Tribal communities relied on traditional knowledge to sustain their livelihoods. Traditional ecological knowledge is passed down through generations, which include harvesting, use of fire, and sustaining livelihoods through the landscapeRead MoreThe Truth about Cowboy Types1782 Words   |  7 PagesFor most Americans in this age, the word â€Å"cowboy† will call to mind iconic images of a horseman wearing a wide-brimmed hat, a belt of bullets, and a flannel shirt; he might be guiding his herd lazily along grassy plains, singing folk songs around a campfire with his companions under a starry sky, riding off with a beautiful ranch girl into an iconic sunset backdrop, or even wearing a mask and enforcing vigilante justice in a small town terrorized by hardened western thugs or hostile Native Americans

Terrorism Attacks On The World Trade Center And Pentagon

Since the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on 11 September 2001, there have been different U.S. strategies to try and combat the rise of global terrorism. The attacks made the entire world all too aware of the scale and scope of threats that terrorism can carry. The post-9/11 global climate has thus seen a shift in awareness of and response to terrorist threats. For the last thirteen years now the United States has denoted terrorism as one of the largest threats to national security and the â€Å"highest strategic objective of U.S. embassies worldwide†, a challenge which demands no less resolve than the was required to combat Nazism and Fascism during the last century. This is due to the subversive and penetrative nature of global terrorism, as terrorist groups have the potential to undermine governments and strike devastatingly and completely out of the blue. For this reason, the Unites States has ramped up its antiterrorism and counterterrorism effort s in order to combat the aforementioned transnational and global threat of terror. The United States response to the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 is characterized by two seemingly identical terms, antiterrorism and counterterrorism. Antiterrorism refers to the employment by the Government of administrative, police, judicial, penal, political and security resources, tactics and equipment for the purpose of preventing terrorist attacks. This approach can be compared to highway safety; governmentsShow MoreRelatedThe Attack On The World Trade Center Bombing1092 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica has seen many terrorist attacks throughout the world and at home. Seeing them around the world may have hurt, but not as bad as seeing it in your own backyard, when you and your neighbors are being targeted. By definition Terrorism is usually a small group who kills suddenly or secretively. Many terrorist attacks are the attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on the attack of Septem ber 11,2001, the Oklahoma City bombing, the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing, the Wall Street bombingRead MoreAmerica s Views On Safety And Vigilance1433 Words   |  6 Pagesis the event where the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, occurred. The attack resulted in over two thousand deaths and six thousand injuries. 15 years ago, America was not officially engaged in any wars and the United States deported half the amount of people that they do today. This attack impacted America’s views on safety and vigilance notably. After being hijacked, four commercial planes deliberately crashed into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The fourth plane, althoughRead MoreThe Attack On September 111349 Words   |  6 PagesThe attack on September 11, 2001 is defined as a group of Islamic terrorist who are believed to be members of the al-Qaeda, attacking the Pentagon and the World Trade Center, also known as the Twin Towers, by hijacking four commercial airlines. On ly three of the four attacks succeed. This is considered a terrorist attack to most of us. From this incident we can define terrorism as a well-planned violent attack that targets innocent people to send a political message by planting fear not just to theRead MoreThe World Trade Center And The United States1042 Words   |  5 Pageshijacked planes, 125 at the Pentagon and 2,606 at the World Trade Center and surrounding area† (Goodman). The World Trade Center in Manhattan, and the Pentagon located in Washington D.C. were attacked on September 11, 2001, by American fuel loaded, hijacked by al-Qaeda which was lead by Osama bin Laden, planes. Many things were lost on September things Americans will never be able to get back such as: lives, freedom from war, and millions of dollars. The World Trade Center, also known as the Twin TowersRead MoreThe Tragedy That Was 9/111677 Words   |  7 PagesAn event that sent the United States into emotional and economical distress, the attacks on the World Trade Centers on September 11, 2001 opened the eyes of Americans to the threat of terrorism. As the world watched, three planes were flown into each of the World Trade Centers and the Pentagon. The unexpected attack stunned americans everywhere and sent them into a feeling of confusion and want for those responsible to be punished. After investigation, it was discovered that those responsibleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hunt For Osama 1223 Words   |  5 Pages Grief. Courage. Hatred. Death. Terrorism. This date hits a soft spot in many people’s hearts around the world. I don’t even need to tell you the events that happened on that day because you have been told so many horrific stories from people who saw it happen live on the news, or you w ere there in the flesh or are part of the families who were so devastatingly affected by the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington D.C. Nearly three thousandRead MoreConspiracies On The September 11th, 2001 Attacks1429 Words   |  6 PagesConspiracies on the September 11th, 2001 Attacks Even though some conspirators think that the U.S. government was involved in the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks, they weren’t actually involved. After the attacks occurred on September 11th, 2001, people started to believe that the U.S. government was behind the attacks. Others believe that the terrorist group, known as al-Qaeda was behind it, but that the government knew about it and chose not to do anything to try and prevent it. Some ofRead MoreRemember September 11, 2001937 Words   |  4 Pageswill be forever remembered in America’s History. This is the day the world seemed as it stood still. On 9/11, America experienced a major terrorist attack, which hijacked planes were crashed into the World Trade Centers in New York City, crashed into the Pentagon in the District of Columbia, and had a plane crash into the fields of Pennsylvania. There are many theories on what actually happened and who was involved in the 9/11 attack. The most common word is that Islamic terrorists were the main groupRead MoreTerrorist Attacks On The United States1298 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism is known as the use of violence or power to get ahead in political aims. There have been numerous different terrorist attacks on the United States in all the years, but 9/11 is by far the worst. On September 11, 2001, around 8:45 a.m., something that will live in the memories of others forever. With around 3,000 fatalities and millions of people affected by this disaster it would be day that is never forgotten. A terrorist group, led by Osama Bin Laden, known as Al Qaeda teamed up withRead MoreCombatting Against Terrorism Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesno different with Terrorism. Although terrorism has dated back to the 1920’s as far as United States history goes, the 21st century has brought on a new age of terrorism comparable to the R ed Scare of the 1950’s. The frequency of terroristic threats and attacks in the 21st century outnumber the terroristic threats and attacks of the eighty years prior to the beginning of the 21st century, exhibiting the unfortunate fact that terrorism is a trending crime. Essentially, Terrorism has become the source

Case 1

Case 1-1 Ribbons and Bows Essay ?INTRODUCTION Carmen Diaz, with a ten thousand dollar loan from two of her cousins, and one thousand dollars that she invested in equity, was able to open a specialty store called Ribbons an’ Bows, Inc, which was located in Coconut Grove, Miami, Florida. Four months after opening the business, Carmen’s relatives requested a financial report, which was part of the original business arrangement. Within a short time, Carmen had expanded the business, purchased small equipment, paid wages to a part-time employee, and by all outward indicators, had been running a flourishing business. As Carmen gathered the necessary information to prepare financial statements, she started to scrutinize the transactions and was somewhat perplexed. Carmen realized that numbers were not adding up as she had anticipated. Additionally, it became questionable whether the business was operating successfully, at least when accounting principles were appropriately applied. Statement of the Problem It was fortuitous for Carmen Diaz to have family who were supportive of her small business endeavor, thereby providing start-up funds and legal advice. Carmen’s endeavor can be recognized as a â€Å"microbusiness† operation; â€Å"microcredit†, microenterprise† and â€Å"microfinance† are terms that have been associated with microbusinesses (Datar, 2009). Clearly, Carmen would have benefitted from some professional entrepreneurial guidance that is widely available at no cost in the United States. Indeed, her uncle practiced law, but it was not clear if business law (finance/ accounting) was within his forte. It was noticeable that Carmen was unskilled in accounting principles; she had apparently prepared a business plan but was not adept in all accounting proficiencies, for example, budgeting and long term planning. There was no evidence to indicate that Carmen had planned for the replacement of essential equipment, such as the computer and essential accounting management software, beyond the basic business tracking tools. She was not in tuned with important details of running a business. Altogether, Carmen was operating under a misapprehension about managing a business; one significant issue was that she was not paying herself a salary, and she had obviously not planned for such necessary compensation. In addition, Carmen had not make provisions for repayment of the loan from her family members. The major issue however, was that Carmen had spent more cash on the sewing machine, rent, employee wages and inventory, when compared with starting cash and the revenue that the business had generated (Appendix I: Income Statement). Carmen Diaz had encountered what has been described as â€Å"one of the most severe problems in microenterprise cost management† and that is the management of inventory (Datar, 2009). DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS According to Datar (2009), â€Å"access to financial capital isnt enough for many of the most vulnerable clients. Microbusiness owners often lack the knowledge and skills necessary to make effective use of financial capital. While it was necessary for Carmen to pay rent, wages and purchase small equipment to develop her business, she needed to monitor cash flow data (Appendix II: Cash Flow), thereby paying better attention to details about inventory. Inventory sitting on shelves or stored in boxes is essential capital that was not performing for the business. 1Carmen should seek out an accounting or business class at a local small business center, perhaps a community college, or engage the help of someone who could provide assistance with basic accounting ski lls. Having access to capital was promising but Carmen, by evidence, was somewhat vulnerable, lacking basic knowledge, skills and abilities to adequately utilize and â€Å"make effective use of financial capital† (Datar, 2009). As noted in the literature, â€Å"Five management accounting tools have the greatest potential for microbusinesses: cost management, throughput enhancement, budgeting, risk management, and identifying opportunities† (Datar, 2009). 2An alternative to the operating procedure Ms. Diaz has used is to order lesser inventory, more frequently. This would keep more cash in the business, which would allow Ms. .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 , .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .postImageUrl , .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 , .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1:hover , .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1:visited , .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1:active { border:0!important; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1:active , .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1 .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9613b231d23510a2a787937e71ffe3a1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight EssayDiaz to take some salary for herself and to set up a payment schedule for the business loan from her cousins. As noted by Sergeant (2009), it is best to keep minimal inventory on hand. Excessive inventory, whether materials needed to perform services or office supplies, ties up cash. More frequent orders would allow Ms. Diaz to order more accurately based on actual consumption rather than estimating needs over the longer term, using the principles of Just- In- Time (JIT) ordering. This alternative is dependent on shipping costs and order turn-around times as well as customer order lead times. 3Another alternative is for Ms. Diaz to keep only samples in her store. Customers pay a 50 % deposit when they order the product and Ms. Diaz then orders the materials for that specific order. When the materials arrive, Ms. Diaz fabricates the product and subsequently, delivery and final payment take place. Again, she will use JIT principles to order only the materials for work that has been ordered. In the situation where particular products are standard or quick turnover items, an exception may be made to the no inventory rule. Again, the concept is that less cash is tied up in inventory and is available for a salary for Ms. Diaz and her loan repayment. SELECTION OF THE BEST SOLUTION The best solution is dependent on the mix of Ms. Diaz’s business. If the store experiences most of its sales in ready-made items or off the shelf ribbon products, the solution of minimal inventory purchased frequently to support those sales is appropriate. If, on the other hand, most of the sales are comprised of custom orders for wedding decorations and other similar products, the procedure of requiring a 50% deposit at the time of order, ordering materials for the specific job and collecting the outstanding balance at the time the customer picks up the finished product would be appropriate. If the store does both types of business in fairly equal proportions, there is no reason why a hybrid of both methods could not be used. At such an early stage in business, it is important for Carmen to balance cash flow and inventory with sales/ income figures and synchronize with the turnover (ultimate decision to purchase) of inventory. Four months after opening for business, Carmen must monitor walk-in-business versus special-orders, scrutinize accounts for profitability, and manage inventory accordingly. The incorporation of standard/ routine management accounting principles and techniques would significantly enhance the day-to-day business decisions. Having access to business software is an excellent start but is not an adequate replacement for the expertise of education and knowledge that could be found at a small business center, or obtained in a class at a community center or local college. Conclusion and Summary Carmen Diaz’s new business appears to be profitable as of June 30, 2006. The financial statements are included as Appendices I, II, and III. Cash was depleted by the purchase of materials, explaining the difference in the bank account on June 30th. The business could not be considered successful in that there has been no movement toward repaying the $10,000 loan, and no salary was paid to Ms. Diaz. However, if the on-hand materials inventory is reduced and the suggested steps are taken, it is likely that the business can be successful and provide Ms. Diaz with a salary and the ability to repay the loan. Carmen started on her venture with $11,000; within four months, the balance sheet (Appendix III: Balance Sheet) shows that assets totaled $12,770. It might appear that the business had earned $1,770. On the other hand, Carmen had earned $1300 dollars per month as a cashier. According to the numbers, had Carmen kept her job, she would have earned $5,200 over four months. When compared with $1,770 that the business earned, Carmen would have been more profitable than the business entity by $3,430. Appendix I Ribbons and Bows Income Statement Q1, 2006 INCOME STATEMENT Sales Revenue $ 7,720. 00 COGS $ 2,100. 00 GROSS MARGIN $ 5,620. 00 Supplies $ (80. 00) Rent $ (1,800. 00) Advertising (150. 00) Wages $ (1,600. 00) Depreciation on Sewing Machine and Computer $ (310. 00) Interest on Cousins loan $ (200. 00) NIBT $ 1,480. 00 TAXES $ REVENUE AFTER TAXES $ 1,480. 00 Appendix II CASH FLOWS 3,390. 00 Starting Cash $ 4,000. 00 Sales (Q1) $ 7,400. 00 Sewing Machine (bought after April 1st) $ (1,800. 00) Rent (April-June) $ (1,800. 00) Inventory (replenishment after April 1st) $ (2,900. 00) Employee Wages $ (1,510. 00) Appendix III Ribbons and Bows Balance Sheet June 30th, 2006 .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 , .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .postImageUrl , .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 , .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3:hover , .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3:visited , .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3:active { border:0!important; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3:active , .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3 .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c066d0242371195bc54548c0af230c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Man On The Moon EssayASSETS 12,770. 00 LIABILITIES 12,770. 00 Current Assets 9,030. 00 Current Liabilities 10,290. 00 Cash in Bank $ 3,390. 00 A/P $ 90. 00 A/R $ 320. 00 Cousins Loan $ 10,000. 00 Inventory $ 4,100. 00 interest payable $ 200. 00 Prepaid Rent $ 1,200. 00 Supplies $ 20. 00 Fixed Assets 3,740. 00 Long-term Liabilities 0. 00 Cash Register $ 250. 00 Sewing Machine $ 1,740. 00 Computer $ 1,750. 00 Shareholders Equity 2,480. 00 Earnings $ 1,480. 00 Carmens Personal Investment 1,000. 00 References Anthony, R. N. , Hawkins, D. F. , , K. A. Accounting: Text Cases 12th Edition, New York, NY; McGraw-Hill Irwin Publishing Company Datar,  S. ,  Epstein,  M. ,  ,  K.. (2009). MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL: Lessons for and from the Worlds Tiniest Businesses. Strategic Finance,  91(5),  27-34. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. Sergeant, D. J. , (2009,  October). Painless Cost Cutting. Alaska Business Monthly,  25(10),  42. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Dateline.

Theory of Negligence Advance in High Court in Australia

Introduction In the resolution of civil cases involving claims of negligence, it is vital for the plaintiff to attest that the defendant owed him/her a duty of care, the breach of which resulted to a damage on his or her part. It is also crucial for the defendant to have recognised in the most reasonable sense that he owned a duty of care to the plaintiff.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Theory of Negligence Advance in High Court in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that every element of tort has concepts of value judgment ingrained in it. One such value judgment is the capacity to proof that the damage caused to the plaintiff was foreseeable in the most reasonable sense by a reasonable individual in a similar position as the defendant during the time of raising the negligence claims. In this end, a controversy emerges in determining what is foreseeable and what is not foreseeable. Conseque ntly, judges, not only from Australia, have to derive mechanisms of settling matters involving claims of negligence by determining the reasonableness of the claims, extents of duty of care owed to the plaintiff, and the degree of foreseeability of the damages claimed by the defendant1. Therefore, as revealed in the paper, judges theoretically apply an ‘objective test’ to disguise a ‘subjective’ value judgment in claims relating to negligence in the Australian courts. Components of tort of negligence in Australia and objective test In the Australian law, negligence comprises of two essentials components: â€Å"foreseeability of the risk of harm and the so called negligence calculus†2. The first component is central in providing a response to the query of whether a person deemed reasonable would have considered the necessary precautions to avoid the risks acerbated to the defendant. This is a quest to prove a duty of care. One of the ways of proofing d uty of care is through a subjective test in which the court has to determine whether the defendant knowingly subjected the plaintiff to situations likely to cause substantial harm. Another way of proving duty of care is through objective test applied by judges. This entails determining that a defendant failed to realise his/her actions towards another party (claimant) would have caused substantial harm; something that another party in such a position as the defendant would have realised. In Australia, the objective test disguises prior knowledge that one’s actions towards another person would cause substantial harm (subjective test) because the person claimed to have caused the damage is not vital to have prior knowledge that his/her actions could have caused the claimed damage3. Rather, the standard is to prove that another reasonable person in the same position as the defendant would have realised the probability of the damage and could have taken the necessary precautions to prevent its occurrence. However, even though this argument points at asserting that judges in high courts use objective tests to disguise subjective tests to settle claims of negligence in the Austrian courts, it is important to pin point that â€Å"foreseeability implies precondition for finding negligence†4.Advertising Looking for thesis on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that a court cannot hold one accountable for not adhering to the necessary safety measures aligned with any unforeseeable risk. However, the fact that the defendant is needed to have foreseen a possible risk on the part of plaintiff does not necessary imply that the defendant needs to be considered as being negligent in taking appropriate precautions to make sure that the plaintiff was free from risks exposure as a subjective test would require5. Instead, a calculus for negligence is applied to lay the frameworks for making decisions on the necessary precautions that a reasonable person in the same position as the defendant (objective test) would have taken to eliminate the risks posed to the plaintiff, and which truncated in breach of duty of care. The negligence calculus applied by Australian judges’ sets out the various precautions that a defendant is anticipated to have taken into consideration before acting in a manner that a reasonable person would have known could have caused risks of harm to the plaintiff. According to Deakin, and Johnston, the calculus tests â€Å"a) the probability that the harm would occur if care was not taken, b) the likely seriousness of the harm, c) the burden of taking precautions’ to avoid the harm and, d) the social utility of the risk-creating activity†6. Essentially, the calculus entangles weighing these four components. For personal injuries, the approach of the court is not to test all these components separately for a proof of neglige nce claim to stand. Rather, â€Å"†¦the court simply asks in the light of these factors what the reasonable person in the position of the defendant would have done or not done in order to avoid harm to the plaintiff† (McGlone Stickley, n 11). In this context, it is arguable that, while the probability of risks may a scientific concept, the objective approach of foreseeabilty rests on both interference and knowledge. For example, â€Å"even though an event would be highly probable to occur, any person can foresee such an event if that person ought to know or even knows that such an event would take place†7. This means that judges interpret knowledge of an event likely to pose danger or harm to an individual resulting from undue acts of another person based on the alleged date of negligence but not on possession of such knowledge at some future time. Conversely, an event of low probability, which can truncate into harming another person (plaintiff) due to negligenc e of another person(defendant) is only foreseeable by any person in legal terms if that person ought to have known or even knows that such an event had taken place some times in the past8.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Theory of Negligence Advance in High Court in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, it is deducible that, for the purposes of interpretation of validity of negligence claims in Australia, â€Å"whether a person ought to have foreseen a particular event is not a matter of what they knew, but of what the ‘reasonable person’ in their position would have known†9. This is why judges apply reasonable foreseeabilty to proofs entailing negligence claims. Essentially, this requires objective tests. Subject to the approaches of objective value judgment in Australia, a major problem emerges because low probability events may be foreseeable. Consequently, while it sou nds subtle to anticipate an individual to be held liable for failing to pay attention to precautions for unforeseeable risks, it is also unreasonable to anticipate an individual to have taken precautions to a risk possessing low probabilities just because it was foreseeable. In dealing with this challenge, in the case of Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40, the high court held, â€Å"in effect, that a person cannot be held liable for failure to take precautions against a risk that could be described as ‘far-fetched or fanciful’, even if it was foreseeable†10. This simply implies that some risks possess very low liabilities to the extent that reasonable people would ignore them. Hence, such persons would not be considered as having breaching duty of care if such risks could have materialised and caused immense damage with the cheapness of mitigating them withstanding. Another objective approach in determining any claims of negligence, as set out by the A ustralian high court is the determination of circumstances in which individuals may be held liable for failing to prevent personal injuries and or death from occurring. This disregards the case where the negligence of the defendant to play his or her duty of care resulted into the harm and unless such conduct of the defendant was not too remote from the defendant’s negligent conducts11. The problem with such an objective approach is that individuals get rare opportunities and guidance on how and when their conducts so considered as negligent may amount to harm. Irrespective of this problem, the high court considers that such causation entangles two main aspects12. The first aspect is the factual causation while the second is the causal causation. The high court has established laws to deal with issues of causation both subjectively and objectively. Hence, further discussions of these aspects are beyond the scope of this paper. Further examples of objective approaches to judgm ents that are disguised as subjective value judgments are exemplified by Gaudron in Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408, 420-421.Advertising Looking for thesis on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, Gaudron reckons, â€Å"in the absence of evidence that the breach had no effect or that the injury would have occurred even if the duty had been performed, it will be taken that the breach of the common law duty of care caused or materially contributed to the injury†13. From this judgment, it is clear that the impact of objective value judgment in negligence claims is to ensure that the onus of proof in matters of causation are shifted to the defendants the moment the court establishes that the duty of care on the part of the plaintiff was breached. This also applies if the plaintiff suffered injuries that were foreseeable. This principle is widely approved by the high court in its recent settled cases. Its impact is to alter the traditional law relating to the causation of events leading to breach of duty of care coupled with having an immense potential in expanding the scope of the claims of negligence14. Conclusion In conclusion, in settlement of claims of neglige nce, the approach followed by the Australian high court is to proof that the defendant behaved in a style that would have caused injury, damage, or harm to the plaintiff. For the claim to hold, the paper has discussed that a consideration does not proof that the defendant failed to act to prevent the risk from occurring hence causing the claimed damage by the plaintiff. Rather, a consideration goes to proof that a reasonable person could have foreseen such risks. This implies that the court seeks to proof that the defendant acted in an unreasonable manner so that he or she caused harm on the plaintiff part. In this light, the paper has argued that the Australian courts judges theoretically apply an ‘objective test’ to disguise a ‘subjective’ value judgment in claims relating to negligence. The stand holds since the burden of the proof rests on the defendant to proof beyond any reasonable doubt that he was reasonable in acting in a manner that caused harm, a s claimed by the plaintiff, or he never acted in such a manner. Bibliography Australian Human Rights Commission, Fact Sheet 1: Defining Human Rights (2012) https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/education/human-rights-explained-fact-sheet-1-defining-human-rights at 1 August 2012. Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408, 420-421. Brisbane Authority v Taylor (1996) 70 ALJR 866 at 871-2. Cook v Cook (1986) 162 CLR 376 at 390 (Mason, Wilson, Deane and Dawson JJ). Deakin Simon and Angus Johnston, Markesinis’ and Deakin’s tort law (Oxford University Press, 2003). Feinman, Jay, Law 101 (Oxford University Press, 2010). Kirby Michael, ‘Is legal history now ancient history’ (2009) 83 Australian Law Journal 31. McGlone, Frances and Amanda Stickley, Torts Law: Accessible and well-balanced overview of the law of torts in Australia (New Jersey, 2007). Victorian Law Reform Commission, Civil justice Review (Report No 14, 2008). Vines, Prue, Law and Ju stice in Australia- foundations of the Legal System (Oxford University press, 2009). Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40. Footnotes 1 Australian Human Rights Commission, Fact Sheet 1: Defining Human Rights (2012). 2 Prue Vines, Law and Justice in Australia- foundations of the Legal System (2009) 10-37. 3 Brisbane Authority v Taylor (1996) 70 ALJR 866 at 871-2). 4 Jay Feinman, Law 101 (2010) 80-95. 5 Taylor (1996) 70 ALJR 866. 6 Simon Deakin and Angus Johnston, Markesinis’ and Deakin’s tort law (2003) 2-10. 7 Frances McGlone and Amanda Stickley, Torts Law: Accessible and well-balanced overview of the law of torts in Australia (2007) 23. 8 Cook (1986) 162 CLR 376. 9 McGlone and Stickley, above n 1. 10 Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40. 11 Victorian Law Reform Commission, Civil justice Review (2008) 14. 12 Cook v Cook (1986) 162 CLR 376 at 390. 13 Bennett (1992) 176 CLR 408, 420-421. 14 Michael Kirby, ‘Is legal history now ancient historyâ€⠄¢ (2009) 83 Australian Law Journal 31. 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