GMS Contract :: essays research papers

The saucily GMS keep down PCTs should consider how community pharmacists can be better engaged to help general practice meet the targets in the GMS quality framework and as an alternative provider of enhanced GMS services. In some cases, the gist services proposed as part of the new pharmacy contract will actually ensure GP practices meet certain quality standards. The National Pharmaceutical Association (NPA) resource pack A quick graphic symbol guide to the Quality Indicators in the new GMS contract describes the key quality indicators, what services community pharmacy can offer to support GP practices and examples of the promulgated evidence base. This is available in the NPA section of DrugInfoZone at . The new pharmacy contractThe DH, the NHS Confederation and the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC) are currently negotiating a new pharmacy contract which will be implemented during 2004 .The proposed framework for the new pharmacy contract is as followsEssen tial servicesEssential services will form the core of the pharmacy contract and be provided by all pharmacies. These services includeDispensingFind out morewww.druginfozone.nhs.uk/--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 3 visual sense contains clear signposts on the future forethought of community pharmacy service development. For example it states that Pharmacy is an integral part of the NHS family. We want to see pharmacists strengthening their contribution to the provision of high quality, patient centred NHS services. The Visionparticularly emphasises the role for community pharmacists in the public health agenda and medicines management, and stresses the importance of having a pharmacist on the PEC.A Vision for Pharmacy in the new NHS is available at . Full responses from the national pharmacy bodies are available at their respective websites atand A summary of responses to The Vision is available at Proposals to reform and moderni se the NHS (pharmaceutical services) regulations 1992 The G all overnment is currently developing proposals for changes in the control of entry regulations.The key changes that PCTs need to be aware of (within the current DH consultation) are standby legislation may introduce the concepts of consumer choice and competition within the definitions of necessary and desirable, which are used to judge pharmacy contract applications.Exemptions for pharmacies in shopping developments of over 15,000 square metres, those planning to open 100 hours per week and those who are part of consortium to develop new one stop centres may be given. til now in relation to exemptions, an exemption may only be given if the pharmacy is going to provide a full and prescribed range of services, clutch to local needs, as determined by the PCT.

Essay --

Competency-based SelectionJames ThomasUniversity of Maryland University CollegeHRMD 630Turnitin The term competency is defined in incompatible manner depending on the context of the business. It is used for the ability, competence, skills, and strengths of employees. HR department can assess the competencies of employees in various aspects of current and future role and design HR interventions keeping in mind the core business of the arrangements. It may promote self-assessment, peer assessment, and assessment by experts for achieving HR goals of the organization. The human resources management is considered to be a key to manage the core business of the organizations and competency framework is the frame of HR process. HR professionals with a strategic performance management competency are well positi whizd to facilitate the pace and extent of change in their organizations. According to SHRM, HR systems can be impediments or enablers of rapid organizational change, but HR profe ssionals with this competency will at least understand the business case for HR. Competency and career management has assumed greater importance in the award day companies. It is one of those toughest functions that HR managers handle. This is tough because HR manager are responsible for two conflicting functions. Organizational structures and downsizing of manpower on one side and ensuring career opportunities to the employees on the other side The purpose of selection is to match people to work. It is the most important element in any organizations management of people simply because it is not possible to optimize the effectiveness of human resources, by whatever method, if there is a less than equal match. One o... ...a interview.The process of competency based selection and recruitment involves calling anylysis, interviewing, testing and selecting the applicant. In the event that an interviewer is unfamiliar with the line of work opening, out of date job description in unav ailable or documentations is needed for the interview process, a job analysis can be conducted. The importance of job analysis in employment interviewing has long been recognized from the standpoint of Human Resources Management. (EEOC, 1978) state there is a legal basis to job analysis. The EEOC require that job analysis be performed as part of the development, application and validation of employee selections procedures. Job analysis should be conducted prior to the applicant interview. Information from the job analysis such as the job description should be used to develop interview question and a scale for rating.

Symbolism in Macbeth :: William Shakespeare

In William Shakespeares Macbeth, symbolism is abundantly used in exemplifying the overall theme of cut up. There are some(prenominal) prominent forms of this throughout the play. The contrast of light and dark representing good and evil plays a major role in the advancement of events in the lay. Blood symbolizes murder and guilt. The archetypal sort of purification by pee is used several times in the play, particularly in the murder scenes. Symbolism is widely displayed in order to enhance the awk of evil. Light and dark represent good and evil in the play. During the time in which Macbeth was written, the king was associated with the sun. The sunset symbolized his death or overthrow. The quotes When shall we trey meet again. . . and That will be ere the set of sun. (342) foreshadow the kings death. The imagery of light and dark continues throughout the play. Stars, hide your fires, Let not light see my unappeasable and deep desires. (352) demonstrates Ma cbeths step toward evil. Most of the corrupt or unusual events in Macbeth occur under a cloak of darkness. The murders, Lady Macbeths sleepwalking, and the appearance of the witches all have a bun in the oven place at night. Lady Macbeths sleepwalking scene is the epitome of the light/darkness symbol. She once craved the darkness but now carries a candela to dispel it. The line, She has light by her continually, tis her command. (410), symbolizes Lady Macbeths fear of darkness or evil. The image of business line plays an important role in the event of Duncans murder. It represents Macbeths guilt and confound about the horrific crime. After killing the king, Macbeth comments on his blood stained hands by saying, As they had seen me with these hangmans hands. (364) Macbeth refuses to return to the crime scene to smear blood on the guards, fearing the blood will somehow implicate him further. Macbeth feels uncomfortable with blood on his hands. He immediately tries to remove it after killing the guards. The archetypal pattern of purification by water is prominent in the play. It symbolizes the removal of guilt. Following the murder of Duncan, Lady Macbeth reassures her husband by telling him, A little water clears us of the deed, (365) Later in the play, Lady Macbeth repeatedly rubs her hands together, representing washing her hands.

New Religious Movements and the Biased Media Essay -- Religion Media E

New Religious Movements and the Biased Media What happened in Jonestown? How could sensible muckle follow the rantings of a crazed lunatic? The questions and the simplified answers that are provided by the media reportage of Jonestown and heavens Gate perhaps contributed to their downfall. The feeling of public persecution is a central theme of many new religious movements, and the negative publicity of suicide cults only fuels the fear of other like-minded religious groups. The misleading definitions the media provided for the how, what and why of these new religious movements were symptomatic of the media bias against all such movements. Through examination of the print media response immediately following both mass suicides, I will expose the hollow definitions and explanations provided for tragedies that were much more complex. Moreover, although the Jonestown Suicide occurred twenty years before the Heavens Gate suicides in March of 1997, coverage remained ignorant and simpli stic of the critical differences between movements, and perhaps exacerbated their cultural alienation. My research of the media response to the Jonestown suicides concentrates on the coverage of the tragedy in the New York Times because the publisher is one of the most widely read American newspapers, replete with religion experts. Through the coverage in the Times alone, the common response followed a passage of initial confusion that eventually led to unoriginal and uncomplicated answers for the how and why these people followed Jim Jones to their death.The initial coverage in the New York Times exemplifies how the facts of the suicide trickled belatedly out of the jungle of Jonestown, Guyana. The day after the suicides, Sunday, November... ...east 900 by U.S., with 260 Children Among Victims at Colony The New York Times, 26 November 1978, Sec A1. 6 Elizabeth Gleick, Inside the Web of Death Time (April 7, 1997)28-40 7 Howard Chua-Eoan, gaol by his Own Passions. Time (April 7, 1997) 40-42.8 Richard Lacayo, The Lure of the Cult Time (April 7, 1997) 45-46.9 Harvey Hill and John Hickman and Joel McLendon, On Religious Outsiders- Cults and Sects and Doomsday Groups, Oh My Media and Treatment of Religion on the eve of the Millennium, Review of Religious Research. 43, no. 1, (2001) 24 (15 pages), 26.10 Stephen J Hedges, Mass Suicide in California. U.S. News World Report. 122, no. 13, (April 07, 1997).Life After Death for Heavens Gate. U.S. News and World Report. 124, no. 12, (March 30,1998).11 Hill, 24.12Hill, 32, 24.13 Hill, 35.

Telecommunications Test :: essays research papers

TEL109Quiz 1Spring 2005Instructions1.This quiz is regarded as open notes only. This means you may use any notes you have taken in class, or any handouts that were give to you in class but not your textbook.2.Each question carries equal weight (20pts each).3.Partial credit leave alone be given where warranted, but you must write out some response for each question.4.The frame for this quiz will be averaged together with the grade for quiz 2 and this average will represent 1/3 of your term grade.5.Record any of your answers on these sheets. If you need additional pages, be for certain that your name is on each one.Questions1.What are the provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment? What was the major impact on the Public Telephone Network?The provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment were as follows AT&T would not buy any more Independent companies or utility providers without the Justice subdivisions approval.AT&T would brook Independent companies to bear on to the AT&T network so t hat homes only needed one phone and one phone company to provide service.AT&T would bothow any company to interconnect with other independents and AT&T to complete calls anywhere in America.AT&T also declared that they would sell all its interest in Western Union.The major impact on the public telephone network was as followsThe public telephone network was now all open to any company and this in turn made it open to any home with a telephone and telephone service to call anywhere in the US. Also this commitment helped to stop AT&T from completely buying out all the smaller telephone companies and monopolizing the entire telephone service provider market. This commitment made it possible for smaller phone companies to survive in this market. Lastly it also helped to prevent AT&T from having to deal with the consequences of the Department of Justice using the Sherman Antitrust Act to bring charges against them. 2.What agencies are responsible for communications policy on the nation al and the local levels?The Federal Communications committal (FCC) is responsible for all federal communications regulation of policy and the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) is responsible for regulating telecommunications within the state. 3.Explain what is meant by(a)Simplex infectionSimplex Transmission is transmission of signals in one direction only, such as in radio and television there is no way to impel a signal back it is strictly one way.(b)Half-duplex TransmissionHalf-duplex Transmission is a when signals can go in both directions (to and from) they take turns such as with a CB radio, each side takes a turn sending and receiving over the same medium.

Telecommunications Test :: essays research papers

TEL109Quiz 1Spring 2005Instructions1.This try out is regarded as open notes only. This means you whitethorn use any notes you have taken in class, or any handouts that were give to you in class but not your textbook.2.Each question carries represent weight (20pts each).3.Partial credit will be given where warranted, but you must write out some response for each question.4.The grade for this quiz will be averaged together with the grade for quiz 2 and this average will represent 1/3 of your term grade.5.Record all of your answers on these sheets. If you need additional pages, be sure that your name is on each one.Questions1.What are the provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment? What was the major impact on the Public sound Network?The provisions of the Kingsbury Commitment were as follows AT&T would not buy any more Independent companies or service providers without the Justice Departments approval.AT&T would allow Independent companies to connect to the AT&T network so that homes on ly needed one phone and one phone order to provide service.AT&T would allow any company to interconnect with other independents and AT&T to complete calls anywhere in America.AT&T also declared that they would sell all its interest in Western Union.The major impact on the popular ring network was as followsThe public telephone network was now all open to any company and this in turn made it open to any home with a telephone and telephone service to call anywhere in the US. Also this commitment helped to stop AT&T from completely buying out all the little telephone companies and monopolizing the entire telephone service provider market. This commitment made it possible for smaller phone companies to survive in this market. Lastly it also helped to interrupt AT&T from having to deal with the consequences of the Department of Justice using the Sherman Antitrust Act to bring charges against them. 2.What agencies are responsible for communications policy on the field of study and t he local levels?The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is responsible for all federal communications regulation of policy and the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) is responsible for regulating telecommunications in spite of appearance the state. 3.Explain what is meant by(a)Simplex TransmissionSimplex Transmission is transmission of signals in one direction only, such as in radio and television receiver there is no way to send a signal back it is strictly one way.(b)Half-duplex TransmissionHalf-duplex Transmission is a when signals can go in both directions (to and from) they take turns such as with a CB radio, each side takes a turn sending and receiving over the same medium.

Living Together Before Marriage Essay

It is experiencen that one out of two sums will end in divorce. According to Dr. Harley, in Living to foreshortenher sooner wedding ceremony, eighty-five percent of the divorced couples were cohabitating before marriage, otherwise known as live together. With these kinds of statistics, why would people indirect request to live together before they get married? Its a perfectly logical question, with a perfectly logical explanation. Couples naturally want to know each other before they take the big plunge. Some may say, You have to try it before you buy it. It leads a very good diaphragm couples should know each other before they vow to spend the rest of their lives with one another. However, its been proven to be more harmful than helpful to a relationship, because of the habits that are inevitably created. Whether they are good or bad, habits are hard to break and may cause problems throughout a lifetime.Cohabiting is a month-to-month agreement, says Harley, theoretically saw there is always an easy way out. People believe if things get too tough its easier to separate rather than divorce. Yes, this is true, but what happens when the couple decides to get married? Now, theyve transformed their minds to be weak, to give up when the going gets tough, and to leave when things arent working out. That is why living together before marriage is harmful. On the other hand, married couples who have not cohabitated together have a different perspective on things, and it is easier to make decisions based on what is good for the marriage and not just for themselves. This is because they go into the marriage believing it is for life, and not a month-to-month agreement.Marriage plenty be tricky because the decisions that are made are no longer for yourself, they are for the good of the marriage. Cohabitating before marriage is the very source that diminishes the meaning of marriage oneness. A marriage is when two become one, a learning from the book, One Flame. Cou ples who live together before marriage have a hard time understanding the concept of oneness. thither is a definite wizard mindedness, My problem is my problem and your problem is your problem Why change the current agreement, if it works? By not changing the agreement, hypothetically youre not in truth married. All of the stages are there, but they are not connected spiritually, which is the very reason couples getmarried or should get married to begin with. other reason why cohabitating can be dangerous is the slight chance the woman may become pregnant. A report from Combating Out-Of-Wedlock Births says, that one in triad children are born out-of-wedlock. Having a child out-of-wedlock is still considered socially unacceptable. If a pregnancy were to occur, accordingly the couple may feel obligated to get married, if not for themselves for their child. The couple may not be ready, but they have been placed in a situation where they were rushed. A marriage out of convenience or inconvenience is never a good one, the marriage is contaminated and doomed before it starts.Perhaps the most detrimental and permanent negative effects from couples living together are placed on their children. Children born out-of-wedlock are often subjected to unstable environments. Obviously their parents have their reasons why not to marry, like the old saying, You cant live with them and you cant live without them Consequently the children are the ones who suffer, their life is forever altered. Glenn T. Stanton states in Cohabitation and Children, For those children living with both unmarried parents, three living quarters of these children will see their parents break up before they reach the age of sixteen. The quality of life for these children is often poor, and their parents usually are of low financial standings. There is a significant increase in poverty for cohabitating parents. The poverty rate for children with married parents is about 6%, while it is about 31% for c hildren living with cohabiting parents, says Stanton.Cohabitating before marriage can be dangerous, however, there are a few precautions that may be taken to avoid problems in the future. If cohabitation is inevitable before marriage, then the couple should at least be engaged. This way they have announced their marriage and are committed to a date. The perspective is very similar to a real marriage, it enables you to make decisions together and has a sense of oneness. These precautions may be useful, but theres nothing that can substitute for the real thing. Marriage alters the mind, and what once was fake now is real. Marriage is alife-long commitment and should to be treated with a great deal of respect. Cohabitating before marriage is proven to be extremely risky. Avoiding cohabitation may not only save a marriage, but may also increase your marriages overall lifestyle.

Key Factors Contributing to the Israeli

MASENO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIC STUDIES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY UNIT THE MIDDLE due east IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DIR 307 SECTION A Research on Israels A. ) Geographical Location B. ) Population C. ) Ethnic Composition D. ) Historical stage setting E. ) Level of Economic ingest F. ) Nature of G everyplacenment SECTION B Discuss the key factors contri scarcelying to the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict.ISRAELS FLAG ISRAELS EMBLEM SECTION A. foot The name Israel has historic entirelyy been used in common and religious usage to invoke to the scriptural kingdom of Israel or the entire Jewish nation. According to the Hebrew Bible the name Israel was given to the Palestinian Jacob afterward he successfully wrestled with the angle of the Lord, Jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites excessively known as the twelve tribes, well, that is from a biblical view.Israel, officially the evince of Israel is a parliamentary re national in the Middle East along the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean sea, it contains geographically diverse features in spite of appearance its relatively small ara, some if not all pull up stakes be discussed in the essay be abject, in this Essay I will c formerlynt swan on discussing the general information of Israel and that includes its Geographical location, Population, Ethnic Composition, Historical background, Level of economic development and the Nature of political science. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONThe geography of Israel is very diverse with desert conditions in the to the south and snow-capped mountains in the br new(prenominal)hood. Israel is located at 31degrees north of the eastern end of the Mediterranean ocean in western Asia. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the East by Jordan and the westerly commit, and to the southwest by Egypt with this border withal being the border between Asia and Africa. To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea which makes up the major(ip)(ip)ity of Israels 273km coastline and the Gaza strip, Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south.Israel is approximately 20,700km squargon which includes 445km squ ar of inland urines, Israel stretches 424km from north to south and its width ranges from 114km, at its narrowest point 15km. the Israeli industrious territories include the west Bank 5,879km, East capital of Israel 70km square and the Golan heights 1,150km square. The south of Israel is dominated by the Negev deserts c all overing some 16000km square more than than half of the countrys union land area, the north of Negev contains the Judean desert which at its border contains the deathlike Sea which at 417m is the lowest point on earth.The inland area of the Central Israel is dominated by the Judean hills of the West Bank, whilst the central and northern coastline consists of the flat and fatty Israeli Coastal Plain, the northern region contains the Mount Carmel Mount ain range which is followed inland by the fertile Jazreel valley, and the hilly Galilee region. The Sea of Galilee is located beyond this and is contact to the east by the Golan Heights which contain the highest point under Israeli control, a peak in the Mount Harmon Massif at 2,224meters, the highest point in Israels internationally recognised territory is Mount Meron at 1. 08meters that is 3963ft. Israel is divided into four physiographic regions, they are as follows The Mediterranean Coastal Plain It stretches from the Lebanese border in the north to Gaza in the south interrupted only by Cape Carmel at Haifa Bay, it is approximately 40km wide at Gaza and narrows towards the north to around 5km at the Lebanese border on the right is a side view of the Coastal Plain from Rosh Hanikra Mount. The Central HillsInland (east) of the coastal plain lies the Central highland region, in the north of the region lie the mountain and hills of upper Galilee which are generally 500m to 700m i n heights although reach a maximum height of 1,208m at Mount Meron. On the right is the Rainbow cave which is a natural arch on the northern ridge of Nahal Betzet. The Jordan open frame Valley East of the Central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley which is a small partly of the 6500m long Syrian-East Afri dismiss Rift, in Israel the rift valley is dominated by the Jordan River, the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea.On the right is a picture of the Jordan Rift Valley. The Negev Desert It comprises approximately 12000km square more than half of Israels marrow land area, it is geographically an extension of the Sinai Desert, forming a rough triangle with its base in the north near Beersheba, the Dead Sea and the Southern Judean Mountains and it has its apex in the southern tip of the country at Eilat. Historical backgroundFollowing military man War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of nirvana, and the UN partitioned the area into Arab and Jewish acress, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Subsequently, the Israelis defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the deep tensions between the deuce sides. The territories Israel occupied since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country profile, unless otherwise noted. On 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 Israel-Egypt relaxation treaty.In keeping with the framework found at the Madrid Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations were conducted between Israel and Palestinian setatives and Syria to achieve a permanent settlement. Israel and Palestinian officials signed on 13 September 1993 a Declaration of Principles ( in any case known as the capital of Norway Accords) guiding an interim period of Palestinian self-rule. Outstanding territorial and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace.In addition, on 25 May 2000, Israel withdrew unilaterally from southern Lebanon, which it had occupied since 1982. In April 2003, US President BUSH, working in conjunction with the EU, UN, and Russia the Quartet took the lead in laying out a roadmap to a net settlement of the conflict by 2005, based on reciprocal steps by the two parties principal to two states, Israel and a democratic heaven. However, progress toward a permanent status retainment was undermined by Israeli-Palestinian violence between September 2003 and February 2005.In the summer of 2005, Israel unilaterally diseng ripened from the Gaza Strip, evacuating settlers and its war machine era retaining control over well-nigh points of entry into the Gaza Strip. The election of HAMAS to head the Palestinian Legislative Council froze relations between Israel and the Palestinian license (PA). Ehud OLMERT became prime subgenus Pastor in March 2006 and presided over a 34-day conflict with Hizballah in Lebanon in June-August 2006 and a 23-day conflict with HAMAS in the Gaza Strip during December 2008 and January 2009.O LMERT, who in June 2007 resumed negotiation with PA President Mahmoud ABBAS, resigned in September 2008. Prime take care Binyamin NETANYAHU form a confederacy in March 2009 following a February 2009 general election. forecast talks launched in September 2010 collapsed following the expiration of Israels 10-month partial settlement construction moratorium in the West Bank. The area of modern Israel was the birth place of Monotheism, source of Judaism and later of Christianity and contains of sites sacred to some(prenominal) Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druze and Bahai.Although coming under their sway of various empires and home to a variety of ethnicities, it was predominantly Jewish until the Jewish-Roman wars after which Jews became a minority in most regions except Galilee. The region became increasingly Christian after the 3rd snow and because deeply Muslim after the 7th century Arab conquest. The Arab became a focal point of conflict betw een Christianity and Islam between 1096-1291 and from the end of the crusades until the British conquest in 1917was part of the Syrian Province of first the Mamlut Sultanate of Egypt and then from 1517, the Ottoman Empire.In the mid 19th century, persecution in Europe led to the formation of the Zionist movement, which was able to win international live for a Jewish Masonry state on the side of the ancient kingdoms, following the British conquest of Syria in the first World War and the formation of the mandatory state of Palestine, Jewish-Arab tension in stages evolved into the Arab-Israeli conflict, a collision of the Jewish nationa joust movement. Israels independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from both(prenominal) Europe and the Islamic world to Israel, and of the Arabs from Israel lead story to extensive conflict with the Arab League.After independence in 1948, the first prexy of Israel came into exponent on 17th Feb 1949, he was in office for two ba sis until 9th Nov 1952, The abet president was Yitzhak Ben-Zvi who came into power on 16th Dec 1952, he stayed in office for triad legal injury until 23rd April 1963, the third president was Zalman Shazar who came into power on 2 maiden May 1963 to 24th May 1973, the forth President was Ibrahim Katzir who came to power on 24th May 1973 to 29th May 1978, the fifth president was Yitzhak Navon who became president of Israel on 29th May 1978 to 5th May 1983, the sixth president of Israel was Chaim Herzog who came to power on 5th May 1983 he ruled for two terms until 13th May 1993, the seventh president was Ezer Weizman who ruled Israel from 3rd May 1993 to 13th July 2000 he stayed in office for two terms, the eighth president of Israel was Moshe Katsau who came to power from 1st August 2000 to 1st July 2007, the ninth and live president of Israel is Mr Shimon Perez who has stayed in office since 13th July 2007.Most Israeli presidents were involved in national politics of Zionist act ivities before taking office, some were also distinguished in other fields for runple Chaim Weizmann was aleading research chemist who founded the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rohovot Zalman Shazar was an Author, poet and Jonourlist, while Chaim Herzog was a military loss leader , attorney and diplomat. The first Israeli presidents were born in the former Russian Empire which was true of much of the leadership in the primeval day of the state the first with a Sephardic background was Chaim Herzog, who originally came from Belfast, Nothern Ireland. The first president from a Middle Eastern county outside of Israel was Moshe Katsar, who was born in Persia. POPULATIONIn 2012, Israels macrocosm was an estimated 7,933,200 lot of whom 5,978,600 are Jews, Arab citizens of Israel comprise 1,636,600 of the countrys total universe, those identify as others make up the remainder of the population, when the state was established, on that point were only 806,000 residents and the tota l population reached its first and second gazillion in 1949 and 1958 respectively. The overall population grew by 96,300 people since the end of 2011 a result browse similar to that of the last eight long time. The Jewish population grew 1. 8% (similar to past eld) while the Arab population grew 2. 4% (a rapid decline from the 3. 4% annual harvest-feast rate in the 1990s). The Christian population grew 1. 3% and the Druze population grew 1. 7%. Israels population is considered young relative to the populations of other Western countries. 28% of the population was aged 0-14 while only 10. 3% were older than 65 years of age. OECD average is 18. % (0-14) and 15% (65+). Israels average age, however, is getting older. In 2011, the average age was 29. 5 years as opposed to 27. 6 in the year 2000. Average age for males is 28. 4 and for women is 30. 6 years old. Life expectancy in 2011 was 80 years for men and 83. 6 years for women. This life expectancy continues an upward trend of the last decade. Jewish males had a life expectancy 4. 2 years high than their Arab counterparts while Jewish women had expectancy 3. 0 years higher. The Israeli life expectancy is higher than the OECD average. About 40% of Israels total population snappys in the philia of the country (24% in Central region and 16. % in Tel Aviv area). Approximately 17% of the population lives in the north and another 14% are based in the south. 12% live in both Jerusalem and Haifa regions and another 4% in the West Bank. Just under half of the Jewish population lives in the canter of the country, either Jerusalem or Tel Aviv metropolitan areas. 60% of the Arab population lives in the north. Jerusalem and the Central region recorded an above average growth rate of 2. 5% while Tel Aviv saw one of its lowest, at 0. 8%. Israels population density increased in 2011 to 347 people per every square kilometre (not including the West Bank) as opposed to only 288 people per km2in 2000.By comparison, Slovenia (whose territory is just about the same size as Israels) has a population density of 102 people per km2 Belgium (slightly largerr than Israel) has a density of 364 people per km2. Tel Aviv is Israels densest region with 7,522 people per km2 Jerusalem has a density of 1,484 people per km2 and Bnei Brak is Israels densest city with 22,145 people per km2. 47,885 couples were wed in Israel over the past year, of which 75% were Jewish and 21% Muslim. 13,042 couples were divorced during the year, 80% Jews. 166,296 babies were born in Israel during 2011, almost exactly equal to the 2010 birth number of 166,255. The number of children per cleaning lady in Israel stands at 3, slightly lower than the 3. 03 of 2010. Jewish women ware an average 2. 98 children (a rise of . 1 from 2010), which is the highest recorded number since 1977. The number of children for every Muslim woman stands at 3. 51 however this is a dramatic decrease from 3. 75 in 2010, the literacy level in Israels total popu lation 97. 1%. ETHNIC COMPOSITION Languages Israel is a country of immigrants and its population is comprised of a mosaic people with varied ethnic backgrounds, lifestyles, religions, cultures and traditions. The Jewish people account for 80. 5% of the total population of Israel. Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority.Many Israelis carry reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in this language and English is taught from the early grades in elementary school. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 120,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. Between 1990 and 1994, the Russian immigration increased Israels population by twelve percent. More than one million Russian-speak ing immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by more or less 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa.Religion Israel and the Palestinian territories comprise the major part of the Holy Land, a region of significant importances to all Abrahamic religions Jews, Christians, Muslims and Bahais. The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely a social position for those over the age of 20 indicates that 55% say they are traditional, while 20% consider themselves secular Jews, 17% define themselves as apparitional Zionists 8% define themselves as Haredi Jews. While the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, represented only 5% of Israels population in 1990, they are expected to represent more than one-fifth of Israels Jewish population by 2028.Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israels largest religious minority. About 2% of the populations are Christian and 1. 5% are Druze. The C hristian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, provided also includes post-Soviet immigrants and the Foreign Laborers of multinational origins and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate.The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews, Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such(prenominal) as the Israeli-controlled Old city that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Other locations of religious importance in Israel are Nazareth (holy in Christianity as the site of the Annunciation of Mary), Tiberias and Safe d (two of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism), the White Mosque in Ramla (holy in Islam as the shrine of the prophet Saleh), and the Church of Saint George in Lod (holy in Christianity and Islam as the tomb of Saint George or Al Khidr). A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank, among them Josephs tomb in Shechem, the birthplace of Jesus and Rachels Tomb in Bethlehem, and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.The administrative center of the Bahai Faith and the Shrine of the Bab are located at the Bahai World perfume in Haifa and the leader of the faith is buried in Acre. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bahai community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages. Bahai staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy. fosterage Israel has a school life expectancy of 15 years and a literacy rate of 97. 1% according to the United Nations. The nation Education Law, passed in 1953, established v types of schools s tate secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools.The public secular is the largest school group, and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils in Israel. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction. Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen. Schooling is divided into three tiers primary school (grades 16), middle school (grades 79), and high school (grades 1012) culminating with Bagrut matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, the Hebrew language, Hebrew and general literature, the English language, history, Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate. 304 In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage. In 2003, over half of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate. The Hebrew U niversity of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University are ranked among the worlds top 100 universities by Times Higher Education magazine. Israel ranks third in the world in the number of academic degrees per capita (20 percent of the population). Culture Israels diverse culture stems from the diversity of the population Jews from around the world feature brought their cultural and religious traditions with them, creating a break up pot of Jewish customs and beliefs.Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the Hebrew calendar. Work and school holidays are determined by the Jewish holidays, and the official day of rest is Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. Israels substantial Arab minority has also left its imprint on Israeli culture in such spheres as architecture, music and cuisine. LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Israel is considered one of the most advanced countries in Southwest Asia in economic and industrial development. In 2010, it conjugated the OECD. The coun try is ranked 3rd in the region on the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Index as well as in the World Economic Forums Global Competitiveness Report.It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies outside North America. In 2010, Israel ranked 17th among of the worlds most economically developed nations, according to IMDs World Competitiveness Yearbook. The Israeli economy was ranked first as the worlds most durable economy in the strikingness of crises, and was also ranked first in the rate of research and development center investments. The Bank of Israel was ranked first among central banks for its efficient functioning, up from the eighth place in 2009. Israel was also ranked as the worldwide leader in its supply of skilled manpower.The Bank of Israel holds $78 billion of foreign-exchange reserves. Despite hold natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industri al sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Other major imports to Israel, totaling $47. 8billion in 2006, include fossil fuels, raw materials, and military equipment. Leading exports include electronics, software, computerized systems, communications technology, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, fruits, chemicals, military technology, and cut diamonds, in 2006, Israeli exports reached $42. 86billion, and by 2010 they had reached $80. 5 billion a year.Israel is a leading country in the development of solar energy. Israel is a global leader in water system conservation and geothermal energy, and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley. According to the OECD, Israel is also ranked 1st in the world in expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP. Intel and Microsoft built their first ove rseas research and development centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Cisco Systems, and Motorola, have opened facilities in the country. In July 2007, U. S. illionaire Warren Buffetts Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company Iscar, its first non-U. S. acquisition, for $4billion. Since the seventies, Israel has received military aid from the United States, as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees, which now account for roughly half of Israels external debt. Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world, and is a net lender in terms of net external debt (the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad), which as of 2011update stood at a surplus of US$58. 7billion. Days of working time in Israel are Sunday with Thursday (for 5 a days week), or Friday (for 6 a days week).In observance of Shabbat, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish , Friday is a short day, usually lasting till 1400 in the winter, or 1600 in the summer. Several proposals have been raised to place the work week with the majority of the world, and make Sunday a non-working day, while extending working time of other days, and/or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day. Israels economy faces mamny challenges, some short term and some long term challenges, the short term side, it is in efficacy to duplicate its success in telecommunication industry into other growing industries hampers its economic outlook, its inability to foster larger multinational companies in the last decade also questions its ability to employ large numbers of people in advanced industries.On the longterm side, Israel is facing challenges on high dependency of the growing number of Ultra or Thudox Jews who have a low level of official labour force participation amongst men, and this situation could lead to a materialy lower employment to-populationratio and a higher depend ency ratio in the future , the governor of the Bank of Israel Stanley Fitcher stated that the growing poverty amongst the Ultra or Thodox is hunting the Israel economy. According to the data published by Ian Fual rsman, 60% of the forgetful households in Israel are of the Haredi Jews and the Israeli Arabs, both groups together represent 25-28% of the Israeli population NATURE OF GOVERNMENT The Israeli system of organization is based on parliamentary Democracy, the prime minister who is Benjamin Netanyahu is the head of government and the leader of the multi party system.Executive power is exercised by the government, Legislature power is vested in the Knesset, the Judiciary is self-directed of the Executive and Legislature. The political system of the state of Israel and its main principles are set out in rudimentary laws, Israel does not have a written constitution. For political purposes, Israel is devided into six districts. Central District, Haifa District, Jerusalem Distri ct, Nothern District, Southern District, Tel Aviv which is the capital city of Israel is the six district. The districts are further subdivided into fourteen subdistrict and into fifty natural regions, administration of the districts is coordinated by the ministry of interior.In the State of Israel, as in other democratic states, rule is rooted in the following liberal principles and governing bodys basic laws that lay down the order of government and the rights of citizens the holding of elections to the house of representatives based on the principle of the rule of the majority, with the rights of the minority guaranteed by law the principle of the separation between the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary, to which the institution of state control has been added emancipation of the press. The Electoral System The elections in Israel are general, equal and secret. On the national level they are held at least once every four years, and on the municipal lev el at least once every five years. Israel has a system of proportional representation, and the whole state is considered a single constituency. Every party running for election presents a list of candidates, and the number of candidates entering the House of Representatives is proportional to the percentage of support the list receives.Every citizen over the age of 18, whose name appears in the list of voters, may vote. The Legislature Branch Knesset The Knesset is the house of representatives of the State of Israel. The prefatory Law The Knesset, states that the seat of the Knesset is Jerusalem, and that upon election it will have 120 members. The law chain reactors with the elections to the Knesset and with the essence of the service, the work and the immunity of the Knesset, its committees and its members. The law does not define the authority of the Knesset and details regarding the way its functions appear in its regulations. A current Knesset starts to function after genera l elections are held, which determine its makeup.The President of the State opens the first sitting of a sassy Knesset and immediately passes its running onto the first Knesset member. At this meeting the Knesset members declare their allegiance, and the Speaker of the Knesset and his deputies are elected. The Knesset fulfils its functions by means of two arms the plenary in which all the Knesset members sit and the Knesset committees. The plenary holds debates inside the framework of legislation, government statements, motions for the agenda, motions of no confidence and questions, and the deliberations usually end with a vote. The Knesset plenary decides on most issues on its agenda by means of a vote, and resolutions are adopted by a majority.A majority usually means the majority of those present at the meeting. There are, however, resolutions which require an absolute majority, and others which require a special majority. The function of the committees, in addition to dealing with bills, is to supervise the work of the Government Ministries and to hold debates on issues inside the realms for which they are responsible, and which are of public interest. By means of the committees, the Knesset maintains direct contact with the Government Ministries, and receives information from Ministers or their representatives. There are four types of Knesset committees that function on a regular basis 1. eonian delegacys (12) committee for Advancing the Status of Women Constitution, Law and Justice Committee Economic Affairs Committee Education, Culture, & Sports Committee Finance Committee Foreign Affairs & Defence Committee House Committee Immigration and Absorption Committee Internal Affairs & Environment Committee Labour and Welfare Committee Science & Technology Committee and the State Control Committee. 2. Special Committees Committee on Drug Abuse, Committee on the Rights of the Child, Committee for Foreign Workers. 3. Parliamentary Inquiry Appointed by the K nesset Plenumto deal with particular issues viewed as having special national importance. 4. Ethnic Committees Responsible for jurisdiction over members who have violated rules of ethics of the Knesset or who have been involved in illegal activity outside of the Knesset. In addition, there are two types of committees in the Knesset which convene only when needed 1. The Interpretation CommitteeItdeals with appeals against the interpretation given by the Speaker during a sitting of the plenum to the Knesset Rules of Procedure or precedents. The Committee is made up of the Speaker and eight Knesset members chosen by the House Committee. 2. Public Committees It is established to deal with issues that are connected to the Knesset. The members of public committees may be experts in a particular field, public figures, or current or past Knesset members. An theoretical account of such a committee is the Public Committee for the Draft of Ethical Guidelines for Knesset Members. The members o f the committees are appointed during the first meetings of every new Knesset with the help of an arranging committee, which is selected for this purpose. Basic LawsEven though it was stated in the Proclamation of Independence that the Constituent Assembly, which rancid into the First Knesset, would draft a constitution for Israel, this was not done due to differences of tone with the religious parties. In place of a constitution, it was decided to legislate a series of basic laws, which in the future would together form the constitution. Even now, more than 60 years after Israels establishment, the task of drafting a constitution has yet to come to fruition. There are several obligates in the existing basic laws which can only be amended by an absolute majority (the support of more than 60 MKs) or a special majority (which is large than an absolute majority) of the Knesset members. The existing basic laws arePresident of the State (1964) The Knesset (1958) The Government (2001 ) The Judiciary (1984) The Israel Defence Forces (1976) The Capital Jerusalem (1980) The Peoples Lands (1960) The State Comptroller (1988) The State thriftiness (1975) merciful Dignity and Liberty (1992) Freedom of Occupation (1994) The Executive branch the Government Until after the elections to the 13th Knesset, it was the President who assigned the task of forming a new Government to the head of the list with the best chances of succeeding, who was also usually the head of the largest party in the Knesset. The Government involve the approval of the Knesset, so that it needed to represent a coalition supported by a majority of the Knesset members, even if not all of its supporters were actual members in it.The 32nd Government of the State of Israel, which was formed in March 2009, is made up of the following Ministries Agriculture and Rural Development Communications Construction and Housing Culture and Sports Defence Diaspora Affairs Education Energy and Water Resou rces Environment Finance Foreign Affairs Health Immigrant Absorption Industry and Trade Justice Prime Ministers Office Public bail Religious Services Science Social Affairs and Social Services Strategic Affairs The Interior Tourism Transport The President The President of the State is elected by the Knesset in a secret vote, and primarily fulfils ceremonial functions as head of State. Candidates for the presidency are customarily proposed by the large parties, and are usually well-known public figures. The President is appointed for a period of five years, which can be extended by a further five years. The functions of the President are defined in the Basic Law The President of the State. In addition, the President assumes public functions and activities in accordance with the customs which have crystalized on the issue, and with his personal inclinations.Amongst the Presidents formal functions are signing laws (even though he has no control over their content) openi ng the first meeting of the first session of a new Knesset, receiving the credentials of new ambassadors of foreign states, approving the appointment of polished and religious judges, the State Comptroller and the Governor of the Bank of Israel, pardoning prisoners or commuting their sentences, etc. In the past it was also the President who decided who to approach after general elections with the task of trying to form a new Government, but this function will cease to exist as of the elections to the 14th Knesset, when the Prime Minister will be directly elected. The Judiciary The courts deal with cases of persons charged with a breach of the law. Charges are brought up by citizens against other citizens, by the state against citizens, and even by citizens against the state. The sessions of the courts of law are usually public, unless it is decided to hold close hearings under special circumstances.When more than one judge is presiding, and the judges do not agree on a verdict, t he opinion of the majority is decisive. Israel does not have trials by jury. The cases brought to the courts are of two types criminal cases and civil cases. A criminal case is one involving a transgression of the social order, and its useion is to punish the offender, if his evil has been proven. In a civil case the plaintiff is a private person or association and the defendant is a private person or association. The subject of the trial is the demand that a contract signed between the parties be fulfilled, a debt is returned or compensation is paid for persecutes caused.In a civil trial there is no punishment, but a duty to pay financial or other compensation. Freedom of the press The institutions of government in Israel are subject to public scrutiny by the written and electronic media. Public scrutiny is one of the marks and foundations of a democracy, and in Israel it is secured in the principle of granting immunity of expression which is mentioned in the Declaration of Ind ependence, and is currently being secured in a basic law. REFFERENCE 1. Global servey (2006) Middle East Progress Amid Global gains in freedom. 2. Wells, backside V. (1990) World Economic Outlook 3. Latest population statics for Israel Jewish Vitual Library 17th Sep 2012 4.Berger Earl The covenant and the Sword Arab- Israel relations, 1948, London 5. Bregman Ahron A history of Israel sassy York Palgrace Macmillan 2002 6. A Arnon and J. Weinblatt Soverighnity and economic development The case of Israel and Pakestine SECTION B INTRODUCTION The IsraeliPalestinian conflict is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the early 20th century. The conflict is wide-ranging, and the term is also used in reference to the earlier phases of the same conflict, between the Zionist yishuv and the Arab population living in Palestine under Ottoman and then British rule. It forms part of the wider ArabIsraeli conflict.The remaining key issues are mutual comprehension, borders, security, water rights, control of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, Palestinian freedom of movement and finding a resolution to the refugee question. The violence resulting from the conflict has prompted international actions, as well as other security and human rights concerns, both within and between both sides, and internationally. In addition, the violence has curbed expansion of tourism in the region, which is full of historic and religious sites that are of interest to many people around the world. Below are the key factors that contribute to the conflict between Israel and Palestine in detail. Mutual RecognitionIt is often said that the fierceness of the struggle between the two stems from the fact that both the Israelis and Palestinians claim the same territory as their historical homeland, the main matter here is that for decades Israelis and Palestinians deny each other rights to exist as national entities, this mutual rejection is much more than a conflict over te rritory, as territory can be fought over, compromised on, curved up and eventually shared, but when each party claims exclusive ownership of the disputed land and is profoundly convinced that the other has no right to exist, there is no way of the quagmire only a fight to finish. Israel often argue that if Palestinian and Arab leaders had not repeatedly refused any compromise over the disputed land specially if they had not rejected out of hand the 1947 UN resolution on the partition of the mandatory Palestinian into two states, one Arab the other Jewish, a decision fine to both sides could have been worked out in time, the Palestinians could not even imagine sharing the land they felt that they were sure that Palestine was theirs by right and theres only thus the emergence of the State of Israel in 1948 descended upon them as an individual and national tragedy.The Palestinian systematic rejection of Israels national existence and their ill-natured refusal to countenance any for m of territorial compromise year after year, decade after decade, played into the hands of Israelis leaders from BenGurion in 1948 to Golder Mier and Yitzhak Rabin in the 1970s and 1980s, it enabled them to ignore and deny Palestinians national rights and with a good conscience of that. The Oslo relaxation process was based upon Israel ceding authority to the Palestinians to run their own political and economic affairs. In return, it was agreed that Palestinians would promote field pansyful co-existence, renounce violence and promote recognition of Israel among their own people. Despite Yasser Arafats official renunciation of terrorism and recognition of Israel, some Palestinian groups continue to practice and advocate violence against civilians and do not recognize Israel as a legitimate political entity.Palestinians state that their ability to spread acceptance of Israel was greatly hampered by Israeli restrictions on Palestinian political freedoms, economic freedoms, civil libe rties, and quality of life. It is widely felt among Israelis that Palestinians did not in fact promote acceptance of Israels right to exist. One of Israels major reservations in regards to granting Palestinian sovereignty is its concern that there is not genuine public support by Palestinians for co-existence and elimination of terrorism and incitement. Some Palestinian groups, notably Fatah, the political party founded by PLO leaders, initially claimed they were willing to foster co-existence depending on the Palestinians being steady given more political rights and autonomy.However, in 2010, even Fatah leaders such as Mahmoud Abbas refused to recognize Israel as a Jewish state, while the leader of al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, which is the official Fatahs military wing, publicly disclosed Fatahs ultimate goal to be the destruction of the Jewish state, and that Abbas would lie about recognition of Israel following Zionist and American pressure for political calculations as one of the m eans to achieve the aforementioned goal. In 2006, Hamas won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council, where it body the majority party. Hamas has openly stated in the past that it completely opposed Israels right to exist, and its charter states this. Following the release of Gilad Shalit in 2011, Abbas praised his capturing by Hamas and reassured the Arab public he would never recognize a Jewish state. Israel cites past concessions such as Israels disengagement from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, which did not lead to a reduction of attacks and rocket fire against Israelas an example of the Palestinian people not accepting Israel as a state.Palestinian groups and Israeli Human Rights organizations (namely BTselem) have pointed out that while the military occupation in Gaza was ended, the Israeli government serene retained control of Gazas airspace, territorial water, and borders, legally making it still under Israeli control. They also say that mainly thanks to these res trictions, the Palestinian quality of life in the Gaza Strip has not improved since the Israeli withdrawal. Israeli Security Concerns Throughout the conflict, Palestinian violence has been a concern for Israelis. Israel along with the United States and the European Union, refer to the violence against Israeli civilians and military forces by Palestinian militants as terrorism. The conflict between Palestine and Israel is not only basically a question of Palestinian terrorism that largely affrightens the security and existence of Israel, it is also a question of Israeli Military ccupation that started in 1967, which provokes Palestinian resistance which then threatens the security of Israel, to go on speaking about Palestinian terrorism without seeing the right of the Palestinians to their freedom and to end their occupation is condemning oneself not to see reality and to remain impotent in reaching a solution, what do the Palestinians want? They want their independent state, and wh at do the Israelis want? They want their security inside secure borders protected from all attacks or threats, the two requirements are interdependent, after the end of the occupation will bring cessation of all violence and hence the security of Israel, but instead of putting an end to the occupation, the Israeli government maintains it and follows ways-reprisals and recently they declared war which just led to the opposite of security i. e. more Palestinians reaction, violence and hence Israelis insecurity.Oppression and humiliation imposed upon the Palestinian people can only produce violent Palestinian reactions that threaten the security of Israel. The motivations behind Palestinian violence against Israeli civilians are multiplex, and not all violent Palestinian groups agree with each other on specifics, however a common motive is to eliminate the Jewish state and replace it with a Palestinian Arab state. The most prominent Islamist groups, such as Hamas, view the IsraeliPales tinian conflict as a religious jihad. Suicide bombing is used as a tactic among Palestinian organizations like Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade and is supported by as much as 68% of the Palestinian people.In Israel, Palestinian suicide bombers have targeted civilian buses, restaurants, shopping malls, hotels and marketplaces. From 19932003, 303 Palestinian suicide bombers attacked Israel. The Israeli government initiated the construction of a security barrier following scores of suicide bombings and terrorist attacks in July 2003. Israels coalition government approved the security barrier in the northern part of the green-line between Israel and the West Bank. Since the erection of the fence, terrorist acts have declined by more than 90%. Since 2001, the threat of Qassam rockets fire from the Palestinian Territories into Israel is also of great concern for Israeli defense officials.In 2006the year following Israels disengagement from the Gaza Stripthe Israeli g overnment recorded 1,726 such launches, more than four times the total rockets fired in 2005. As of January 2009, over 8,600 rockets had been launched, causing widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life. everyplace 500 rockets and mortars hit Israel between JanuarySeptember 2010. Since mid-June 2007, Israels primary means of dealing with security concerns in the West Bank has been to cooperate with and permit United States-sponsored training, equipping, and financing of the Palestinian Authoritys security forces, which with Israeli help have largely succeeded in quelling West Bank supporters of Hamas. Rights on Water ResourcesOf the water available from the West Bank aquifers, Israel uses 73%, West Bank Palestinians use 17% and illegal Jewish settlers use 10%, while 10-14% of Palestines GDP is agricultural, 90% of them must commit on rain fed farming methods, Israels agriculture is only 3% of their GDP but Israel irrigates more than 50% of their land, three mill ion West Bank Palestinian use only 250,000,000 cubic metres per year while six million Israelis enjoy the use of 1. 954million cubic meters which means that each Israeli consumes as much water as four Palestinians, Israeli settlers are allocated 1,450m cubic per person per year. Israel consumes the vast majority of the water from the Jordan river despite only 3% of the river go within is pre-1967 borders.Israel now diverts one quarters of its total water consumption through its national water barrier carrier from the Jordan river, where Palestinians have no get to to it what-so-ever due to Israeli closures, Israel does not allow new wells to be drilled by Palestinians and has consificated many wells for Israeli use, Israel sets quotas on how much water can be drawn by Palestinians from existing wells when supplies of water are low in the summer month, the Israeli water company closes the set which supply Palestinian towns and villages so as not to affect Israeli supplies, this me ans that illegal Israeli settlers can have their pools topped up and lawns irrigate while Palestinians living next to them, on whose land the settltment are situated do not have enough water for drinking and cooking. In the Oslo II Accord treaty, both sides agreed to maintain existing quantities of utilization from the resources. In so doing, the Palestinian Authority established the legality of Israeli water production in the West Bank. Moreover, Israel obligated itself in this agreement to provide water to supplement Palestinian production, and further agreed to allow additional Palestinian drilling in the Eastern Aquifer. Many Palestinians counter that the Oslo II agreement was think to be a temporary resolution and that it was not entailed to remain in effect more than a decade later. Indeed its name is The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. This agreement also established the right of the Palestinian Authority to explore and drill for natural gas, fuel and petroleum with in its territory and territorial waters.It also delineated the major terms of conduct regarding regulations on the parties facilities. In 1999, Israels Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it continued to honor its obligations under the Interim Agreement. The water that Israel receives comes mainly from the Jordan River system, the Sea of Galilee and two underground sources. According to a 2003 BBC article the Palestinians lack access to the Jordan River system. Numerous foreign nations and international organizations have established bilateral agreements with the Palestinian and Israeli water authorities. It is estimated that a future investment of about US$1. 1bn for the West Bank and $0. bn is needed for the planning period from 2003 to 2015. In order to support and improve the water sector in the Palestinian territories, a number of bilateral and multilateral agencies have been supporting many different water and sanitation programs. There are three large seawater desalination plant s in Israel and two more scheduled to open before 2014. When the fourth plant becomes transactional, 65% of Israels water will come from desalination plants, according to Minister of Finance Dr. Yuval Steinitz. Palestinian Refugees of the 1948 War Palestinian refugees are people who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.The number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled from Israel following its creation was estimated at 711,000 in 1949. Descendants of these original Palestinian Refugees are also eligible for registration and services provided by the United Nations substitute and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), and as of 2010 number 4. 7 million people. A third of the refugees live in recognise refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The remainder live in and around the cities and towns of these host countries. Most of these people were born outside of Israel, but are descendants of original Palestinian refugees. Palestinian egotiators, most notably Yasser Arafat, have so far insisted that refugees have a right to return to the places where they lived before 1948 and 1967, including those within the 1949 truce lines, citing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and UN General Assembly Resolution 194 as evidence, although they have privately countenanced the return of only 10,000 refugees and their families to Israel as part of a peace settlement. Mahmoud Abbas, the current Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization accepts that it is illogical to ask Israel to take 5 million, or indeed 1 million. That would mean the end of Israel. The Arab Peace Initiative of 2002 declared that it proposed the compromise of a just resolution of the refugee problem. Palestinian and international authors have justified the right of return of the Palestinian refugees on several grounds * A few authors included in the broader New Historians asser t that the Palestinian refugees were chased out or expelled by the actions of the Haganah, Lehi and Irgun.The New Historians cite indications of Arab leaders trust for the Palestinian Arab population to stay put. Shlaim (2000) states that from April 1948 the military forces of what was to become Israel had embarked on a new offensive strategy which involved destroying Arab villages and the forced removal of civilians. * However, historian benny Morris states that most of Palestines 700,000 refugees fled because of the flail of war and expected to return home shortly after a successful Arab invasion. He documents how all around Palestine, Arab leaders assured the evacuation of entire communities as happened in Haifa, 1948. Morris considers the displacement the result of a national conflict initiated by the Arabs themselves. Karsh notes that the Palestinians were themselves the aggressors in the 1948-49 war who attempted to cleanse a neighboring ethnic community. Had the United Nati ons resolution of November 29, 1947, which called for two states in Palestine, not been subverted by force by the Arab world, there would have been no refugee problem in the first place. He reports of large numbers of Palestinian refugees leaving even before the outbreak of the 1948 war because of disillusionment and economic privation. The British High Commissioner for Palestine spoke of the collapsing Arab morale in Palestine that he partially attributed to the increasing tendency of those who should be leading them to leave the country and the considerable evacuations of the Arab effendi class.Huge numbers of Palestinians were also expelled by their leadership to prevent them from becoming Israeli citizens and in Haifa and Tiberias, tens of thousands of Arabs were forcibly evacuated on the instructions of the Arab Higher Committee. * The Israeli Law of Return that grants citizenship to any Jew from anywhere in the world is viewed by some as discrimination against non-Jews, espec ially Palestinians that cannot apply for such citizenship or return to the territory which they were expelled from or fled during the course of the 1948 war. Since no(prenominal) of the 900,000 Jewish refugees who fled anti-Semitic violence in the Arab world was ever compensated or repatriated by their former countries of residenceto no objection on the part of Arab leadersa precedent has been set whereby it is the responsibility of the nation which accepts the refugees to assimilate them.Although Israel accepts the right of the Palestinian Diaspora to return into a new Palestinian state, Israel insists that their return into the current state of Israel would be a great danger for the stability of the Jewish state an influx of Palestinian refugees would lead to the destruction of the state of Israel. Control over Jerusalem Israel remains one of the core issues in the Israel-Palestinian conflict, During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and latter annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem including the Old City was captured by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem during the six day war and concomitantly annexed it. The border of Jerusalem is a particularly delicate issue, with each side insist claims over this city.The three largest Abrahamic religionsJudaism, Christianity, and Islaminclude Jerusalem as an important setting for their religious and historical narratives. Israel asserts that the city should not be divided and should remain incorporate within Israels political control. Palestinians claim at least the parts of the city which were not part of Israel prior to June 1967. As of 2005, there were more than 719,000 people living in Jerusalem 465,000 were Jews (mostly living in West Jerusalem) and 232,000 were Muslims (mostly living in East Jerusalem). The Israeli government, including the Knesset and Supreme Court, is centered in the new city of West Jerusalem and has been since Israels founding in 1948. After Israel aptured the Jordanian-controlled East Jerusalem in the Six-Day War, it assumed complete administrative control of East Jerusalem. In 1980, Israel issued a new law stating, Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel. At the Camp David and Taba Summits in 200001, the United States proposed a plan in which the Arab parts of Jerusalem would be given to the proposed Palestinian state while the Jewish parts of Jerusalem were retained by Israel. All archaeological work under the Temple Mount would be collectively controlled by the Israeli and Palestinian governments. Both sides accepted the proposal in principle, but the summits ultimately failed.Israel has grave concerns regarding the welfare of Jewish holy places under manageable Palestinian control. When Jerusalem was under Jordanian control, no Jews were allowed to visit the Western Wall or other Jewish holy places, and the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives was desecrated. 63 In 2000, a Palestinian mob took over Josephs Tomb, a shrine considered sacred by both Jews and Muslims, looted and burned the building and turned it into a mosque. 64 There are unauthorized Palestinian excavations for construction on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, which could threaten the stability of the Western Wall. Israel, on the other hand, has seldom blocked access to holy places sacred to other religions.Israeli security agencies routinely monitor and arrest Jewish extremists that plan attacks, resulting in almost no serious incidents for the last 20 years. Moreover, Israel has given almost complete autonomy to the Muslim trust (Waqf) over the Temple Mount. Israel expresses concern over the security of its residents if neighborhoods of Jerusalem are placed under Palestinian control. Jerusalem has been a prime target for attacks by militant groups against civilian targets since 1967. Many Jewish neighborhoods have been fired upon from Arab areas. The proximity of the Arab areas, if these regions were to fall in t he boundaries of a Palestinian state, would be so close as to threaten the safety of Jewish residents.Nadav Shragai states this idea in his study for the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, An Israeli security body that was tasked in March 2000 with examining the possibility of transferring three Arab villages just outside of Jerusalem Abu Dis, Al Azaria, and a-Ram to Palestinian security control, assessed at the time that Terrorists will be able to exploit the short distances, sometimes involving no more than crossing a street, to cause damage to people or property. A terrorist will be able to stand on the other side of the road, shoot at an Israeli or possess a bomb, and it may be impossible to do anything about it. The road will constitute the border. If that is the case for neighborhoods outside of Jerusalems municipal boundaries, how much more, so for Arab neighborhoods within those boundaries. Palestinians have voiced concerns regarding the welfare of Christian and Muslim holy places under Israeli control. Some Palestinian advocates have made statements alleging that the Western Wall dig was re-opened with the intent of causing the mosques collapse.Israel considers these statements to be totally baseless and unfounded, and to be deliberately intended to incite aggression and public disorder, and stated this in a 1996 deliverance at the UN. Israeli Military Occupation in West Bank Occupied Palestinian Territory is the term used by the United Nations to refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Stripterritories which were captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, having formerly been controlled by Egypt and Jordan. The Israeli government uses the term Disputed Territories, to argue that some territories cannot be called occupied as no nation had clear rights to them and there was no operative diplomatical arrangement when Israel acquired them in June 1967.The area is still referred to as Judea and Samaria by some Israeli g roups, based on the historical regional names from ancient times. In 1980, Israel annexed East Jerusalem. Israel has never annexed the West Bank or Gaza Strip, and the United Nations has demanded the termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for an acknowledgment of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force and that Israeli forces withdraw from territories occupied in the recent conflict the meaning and intent of the latter phrase is disputed. See Interpretations.It has been the position of Israel that the most Arab-populated parts of West Bank (without major Jewish settlements), and the entire Gaza Strip must eventually be part of an independent Palestinian State. However, the precise borders of this state are in question. At Camp David, for example, then-Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak offered Yasser Arafat an opportunity to establish an independent Palestinian State composed of 92% of the West Bank, Arab neighborhood of East Jerusalem, and the entire Gaza Strip and dismantling of most settlements. Yasser Arafat rejected the proposal without providing a counter-offer. A subsequent settlement proposed by President Clinton offered Palestinian sovereignty over 94 to 96 percent of the West Bank but was similarly rejected.Some Palestinians claim they are entitled to all of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. Israel says it is justified in not ceding all this land, because of security concerns, and also because the lack of any valid diplomatic agreement at the time means that ownership and boundaries of this land is open for discussion. Palestinians claim any reduction of this claim is a severe deprivation of their rights. In negotiations, they claim that any moves to reduce the boundaries of this land are a hostile move against their key interests. Israel considers this l and to be in dispute, and feels the purpose of negotiations is to define what the final borders will be.Other Palestinian groups, such as Hamas, have in the past insisted that Palestinians must control not only the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, but also all of Israel proper. For this reason, Hamas has viewed the peace process as religiously forbidden and politically inconceivable. Control of the Air Space During the Camp David Summit during the summer of 2000, American military experts raised the question of whether the Israeli demand for control of a unified air space over all the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River was essential. Among the justifications provided by Israeli representatives was the danger of aerial terrorism. The Israeli explained their need to be prepared in the event of a suicide attack, carried out by a civilian air craft laden with explosives.Access to the Israelis air space from the Mediterranean sea to the west is permitt ed only to planes that have identified themselves and have been identified before they come within 100meters of Israel The Palestinians have demanded control over the Kalandia (Atarot) airfield in Jerusalem, to have it become the international airport of the Palestinian state. They also intend to establish additional airports for internal Palestinian air traffic. Israel opposes handing over Atarot airfield to the Palestinians since a Palestinian airport adjacent to Israels capital poses an unacceptable risk. The operation of a Palestinian airport in the West Bank would also entail substantial risks both in terms of security and in terms of flight safety. Israel would lack the sufficient flight safety.Israel would lack the sufficient response time required to intercept a hostile response time required to intercept a hostile plane on a mission to attack an Israeli target. In addition, there is the danger of traffic overload in the international corridor between Israel and Jordan, and an overlap of activity (circling) involving Ben-Gurion Airport, Israeli military airports, and civilian airports in the West Bank. The Palestinians repeatedly argue that they The Palestinians repeatedly argue that they insist that peace will bring security. Therefore believe their own interests take precedence over Israels. Conversely, Israel views its security as a necessary condition for maintaining peace and stability, and cannot agree to proposals that would base its vital security needs solely on diplomatic agreements.It is only through a mutual understanding of the other partys needs and by building an effective coordination apparatus to provide fitting solutions to demands on both sides that a stable and viable agreement can be implemented. In light of the special time, space and topographical conditions of the area, it is not possible to divide the airspace and the electromagnetic spectrum between Israel and a future Palestinian state. For both of these, unified solutions are

Scarlet Letter Analysis

Kelsey Federspill Scarlet Letter Literary Analysis R5 12. 2. 12 Over Coming Guilt Remorse is a feeling experienced after committing an play that produces a sense of guilt. A life lesson can be get a lineed in Nathaniel Hawthornes novel, The Scarlet Letter, just about the theme of guilt. E genuinelyone experiences guilt when they commit a evil or human frailty and the way one handles the feelings of guilt is different.Guilt is expressed in three main ways ignoring or concealment the sin and letting the guilt build up on the in placement, blaming others for the sin and wanting revenge for the way the person feels, and embracing the sin committed and non releasing the guilt. The different ways guilt is experienced determines the way it is punished by others or no one at all. But punishment for the sin doesnt always affect the amount of guilt felt by one. Hawthorne uses symbolism and caustic remark to demonstrate that guilt should not eat all over ones life, rather it should be a lesson learned of embracement, tenderness, and acceptance.In The Scarlet Letter, the char minuteer Hester Prynne is well cognise for the scarlet letter that she was forced to wear. Prynne embraced the punishment of the scarlet letter and employ the punishment in a unique way, On the breast of her gown in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate expandy and fantastic flourishes of florid thread, appeared the letter A (37). The letter A represented the sin of adultery that Prynne had committed.The community choose this form of punishment for Prynne to make her feel guilty for the act of adultery she committed and used it as an example to the rest of the community. As Prynne egresses from prison Hawthorne describes the scene, the scene was not without a mixture of awe, such as moldiness always invest the spectacle of guilt and shame in a fellow-creature (39). Prynne chooses to embrace the scarlet letter rather than let the feeling of guilt take over her life because she des ired to set a good example for her daughter, Pearl.She was able to embrace her sin and the scarlet letter because she was working to set an example for her daughter. It was wry how the community tried to force guilt on to Prynne, but in return she embraced the punishment in full stride and even used it to distill herself, Here, she said to herself, had been the scene of her guilt, and her should be the scene of her punishment and so, perchance, the torture of her daily shame would at length purge her soul, and work out another naturalness than that which she had lost more saint-like, because the result of martyrdom (55).When the town people saw Prynne as she exited the prison, people said, thus she will be a living treatment against sin (44). The town people would always be reminded of her sin. Prynne did not let the guilt of her sin produce a major impact on her life. preferably she accepted her transgression and learned the importance of not letting her past mistakes and guil t negatively affect her future. Rosebushes are full of beauty but aggravator can be inflicted on someone who tries to hold it due to the rosebushs sharp thorns.When Hawthorne depicts the town he describes the rosebush on the side of the prison, but, on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rosebush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the captive as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of nature could pity and be kind to him (33). The rosebush symbolizes forgiveness from guilt throughout The Scarlet Letter.Pearl, Prynnes daughter, was visiting the governors hall with her mother one day to deliver a pair of embroider gloves Prynne had made. While at the governors house, Pearl saw a rosebush and reacted in an unusual way, Pearl, seeing the rosebushes, began to cry for a red rose, and would not be p acified, (73). Pearl responded with this meltdown because she wanted forgiveness for her mother and for her father, Reverend Dimmesdale, to be accepted by the community. Pearl felt guilty but blamed it on others. She was seeking revenge on the townspeople for the way they made her mother feel.The irony of the rosebush is how it hurt Prynne, Pearl, and Dimmesdale, like the thorns on a rosebush when touched. In the end the family go out of their community attempting to not let the mistakes of the past take over their present lives. Ultimately, they choose a fresh start. Pearl was a product of Prynnes sin of adultery. Pearls birth was very humiliating for Prynne nevertheless Pearl still meant the world to Prynne. Pearls name even has significance, but she names the infant Pearl, as being of abundant price, purchased with all she had, her mothers only treasure (61).The biblical allusion to the pearl is referred to in Matthew 13 about a parable of a man who gave up everything for a pea rl of great price. Prynne gave up everything she had for her daughter. She even dresses Pearl in the best clothes, while she dresses very pitiablely. To Prynne, Pearl was a symbol of strength and overcoming obstacles. Prynne said, I can teach my little Pearl what I have learned from this the scarlet letter, (76). Prynne is a great example and life lesson to Pearl of how to accept the mistakes made in the past and not let the shame define oneself. Prynne uses Pearl to show how tough a young child can be.On the other hand, the town viewed Pearl as the devil child evil. The town discussed Pearl as, an imp of evil, emblem and product of sin, (64) and, poor little Pearl was a demon offspring, (68). Pearl herself is truly a symbol of ignorance and hope. Hawthorne described an occurrence of Pearl talking to Mr. Wilson, a pastor, after putt her finger in her mouth, with many ungracious refusals to answer good Mr. Wilsons question, the child finally announced that she had not been made at a ll, but had been tweak by her mother off the rosebush of wild roses, that grew by the prison, (76).Pearl believed she was created for good and had an optimistic attitude on life. She did not let guilt become an emotion known in her. Pearl did not let the past effect her future. In conclusion, life lessons were learned about embracement, forgiveness, and acceptance from guilt with the use of symbolism and irony from Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter. The different ways guilt can be handled was demonstrated in The Scarlet Letter, but not letting guilt take over ones life was key. Moving on and learning from a sin or human frailty is significant and something everyone can learn from.

Is Billy Pilgrim Sane? Essay

he-goat Pilgrim plays a very influential role as the main character in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse 5. Since the novel is based built-inly on truncheon Pilgrims interaction with the environment around him, pinpointing wands convey of sanity on the scale of normality helpers the reader determine what is really happening, and what is a figment of Billys imagination. Before making the decision regarding Billys state of pass, one must first establish the parameters of what is considered sane and what is not. What one person may consider insane another may consider pure genius. The dictionary definition of sane is free from mental derangement having a sound, healthy mind. However the general consensus for sane is a lot closer to having or showing reason, sound judgment, or good sense. Once those guidelines ar set up, one can proceed to analyze Billys state of mental health. Since Billy is a fictional character in a book and the man who wrote the book is dead, the only informatio n available to someone trying to analyze Billy is through Billys actions/thoughts/experiences and the speculations of other readers.Luckily one is not required to delve very deep into Billys past originally coming across tragedy. At a very young age Billy is thrust into the middle of World War Two. He is ill render and has no fighting training or experience. During the battle of the Bulge Billy becomes lost with one other soldier and two scouts. While hiking through the undergrowth in German territory Billy is overcome with cold and waits for the eventuality that is death to pass over him and remove his soul from his body. Instead Billy becomes what the teller describes as unstuck in time. This is the first time that Billy ever experiences time travel. There are at least two shipway to interpret this scene. In the first one, the reader assumes that Billy is in shock, is delirious, and has a very vague connection with the outside world. This thought is followed by the next pers picuous idea that since Billy is nearly incapacitated, anything odd he experienced in this time frame did not actually happen. However every Yin has a Yang. The instant way this could be interpreted is that Billys mindhas lost touch of reality to the point it sheds its boundaries regarding time, freeing Billy from the human confines of exhibit time in a linear fashion. Since the decision regarding Billys sanity is based purely on a readers face-to-face opinion.A reader would do well to create a mental tally chart of notes. If the first interpretation makes more sense, simply put a mark in the insane column, however if the second interpretation floats your boat, make a mark in the sane column. Between the first major circumstance and the second, Billy is faced with minor issues that may or may not play an influential role on Billys state of mind and so even though they play minor roles, it is important that they are mentioned and taken into account. While Billy is a prisoner of wa r he is toughened poorly, underfed, kept in a crowded train car good of viral and bacterial diseases and scented with the touch of death. It is during this time that Billy manages to make the entire train car hate him, causing him to draw further into the safety of his mind. Whether this train ride actually affected Billy or not is up to the reader to decide.The second of Billys major experiences that carries the capability to instil a mental illness in an otherwise healthy being would be the bombing of Dresden. While Billy was being used for labour in Dresden, his own country fire bombed him along with the rest of a city full of civilians. Billy waited out the bombing in an under scope meat cooler along with a group of other POWs and their guards. After the ground had cooled, the POWs emerged from their safe haven and was faced with what can be described as the moons surface. Billy was eventually ordered to help collect the bodies for a mass burial. Now, whether it was sitting un derground listening to an entire city being levelled, or the retrieval of dead bodies or both that scarred Billy, it is hard to know. However Billy did have a flashback of the bombing during his eighteenth wedding anniversary that caused him to freak out. However there is no direct turn up that the bombing caused Billy to go insane and only the reader can decide if it was pertinent to his mental stability or not. Another traumatizing incident endured by Billy was the combination of him being the sole survivor of a plane crash followed by his wifes untimely death.While Billy was on his way to an optometry convention with several other optometrists, the plane he is on crashes. He is the only survivor and is rushed to the hospital. When Billys wife hears what happened, she rushes tothe hospital. On her way there she ends up crashing the car and loses her exhaust system. She ends up dying of Carbon Monoxide poisoning right as she stops in front of the hospital. Because of Billys const ant time-travelling, he never really knew his wife too well so the odds of him feeling overly distraught because of her death are really quite minimal. Also because he has adopted the Tralfamadorian view of death, he would probably just imagine that now she is in a better amaze in her life.So even though this may not be the happiest point in Billys life, in this authors opinion, it is obscure that it has altered his state of mind, however everyone is entitled to their own opinion and so a reader may interpret otherwise. Although looking at Billys past may give hints as to his sanity, looking at his actual thoughts would be a lot more helpful in making the utmost decision.BibliographyFindley, Timothy. The Wars. New York Penguin Group Australia, 1977.

Discuss the dramatic importance of the witches in Macbeth Essay

Macbeth was written sometime between 1603 and 1606. This coincides with the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English thr wholeness, as James I of England, in 1603. The make up was certainly written with James in mind. Firstly, it caters for the interests and expertise of James its fascination with the spectral would attract his attention. Witchcraft, apparitions, ghosts and the Kings Evil were aras of great trouble to James. Secondly, it compliments James by making his ancestor, Banquo, a hero in the play. Thirdly, the play explores the issue of kingship and trustworthyty. These were of profound importance to James, who had survived an assassination attempt earlier in life. Fourthly, the play is intimately related to the topical events of the Gunpowder p split up of 1605 (where loyal people were planning to kill the king) and the subsequent trials of its conspirators.This failed coup was sensational in a number of ways the sheer audacity of trying to blow up Parliament amazed the country, as did the scale of the treachery involved. Treason is related to the wider composition of appearances. For example, dame Macbeth advises Macbeth to look manage thinnocent flower, but be the serpent undert.(Act 1, stroke 5, lines 64-65). When saying this, she is trying to convince Macbeth to become a villain and mutilate King Dun erect this expression could also be showing how scared she is. brothel keeper Macbeth is tempting Macbeth to deceive people and score a mask to achieve an end. It could also be deduced that the witches possessed the knowledge of what would trigger ambition, greed or deceit in the characters of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth.Through divulge the play, the witches have diametrical spectacular functions much(prenominal) as setting the scene, creating or changing the atmosphere, foreshadowing what would happen later on in the play, altering the characters spokesperson communication and minds and they also acted as a plot device. All the se dramatic functions testament have different effects upon the interview. In this play, there are 5 main dramatic techniques. Firstly, theres pathetic fallacy. This is go ford to create an atmosphere by the use of weather. For instance, in this play, its used at the beginning of Act 1, Scene 1. For example, Thunder and lightning evokes a feeling of evilness and darkness. This portrays an intimidating beginning. The reference would feel frightened they would straight off guess its a prologue of the evil.Another function of the witches is foreshadowing, which signifies giving clues about emerging events, which Shakespeare uses to create clues to the audience about future events, by doing this, he makes the audience think in advance. Namely, this technique is used when the witches are playing with Macbeths log Zs this example indicates that this creates a feeling of confidence and nervousness amongst the audience. Confidence because the audience will know what is going to hap pen so they will be prompt for whatever to come. However, the actors on stage wouldnt know what is going to happen this indicates that the audience would feel nervous waiting for the reactions of the actors.Besides these, there are tether more than than dramatic irony, this will create a nervous feeling this is because the audience would feel nervous waiting for the reactions of the actors. Besides these, there are triple more dramatic irony, this will create a nervous feeling this is because the audience will know more than the actors on stage. The next one is symbolism, this depends on the audience, some people will have gained the ability to interpret words in different ways, these people will obviously know and understand the play affluenty however the people who havent gained this ability yet, will miss out bits and pieces of information. Finally, theres plot device. This will be dumb by everyone as its just the introduction of characters or objects that change events. I n this case, the plot device is the witches. They are the ones who change events. This will create misgiving amongst the audience.In the beginning of Act 1, Scene 1, the witches were introduced as the evil side of this whole play. A heathland, Thunder, Enter one-third witches has a lot of meaning. A heath is a barren land, a deserted place with a rough landscape covered with mud, its basically a place where no valet being will live, and this creates tension amongst the audience. This is also created by using pathetic fallacy, another technique, in the word thunder. This word has a lot of meaning it can be looked as weather, a sign of evil and darkness but also as a danger or warning. This immediately creates fear and tension. When the three witches enter (Act 1, Scene 1), the effect will be almost immediate, somewhere between shock and fear. Three is the number that witches mostly use to symbolise evil, so when the three witches enter, the audience is warned about whats to come.T his relates sustain to the introduction, in the Jacobean times, the audience will have had a very muscular belief in witches and witchcraft they were convinced that the witches has a lot of power and besides that they also suspected the witches to perform and make spells. On the whole, witches create these dramatic functions by firstly, being the first things to appear on stage, secondly by using pathetic fallacy and by finally talking in the witches vocabulary which is mostly made up of chants, spells and evilness. An example of a spell could be Thrice the brindled cat hath mewed which could show evil when we see the words three and cats which are things normally associated with evil.The witches also act as a plot device, they changed Macbeths fortune. At the start of the play, Macbeth is seen as the gentleman of action, he is a doughty warrior and an important Lord who defends the king against treachery. He is praised by the King and by everyone else, including the audience. Initially he has a conscience and a highly developed imagination, he is full, so valiant (Act 1 Scene 4) he sees all too well in his mind the horrors of what he is proposing to do but he shuts out the implications of what this is telling him. Manhood is important to Macbeth, Shakespeare creates this impression when Macbeth says I dare do all that may become a man Who dares do more is no(prenominal) (Act 1, Scene 7).This suggests that Macbeth will dare to do anything to show that hes a man, he also talks back to Lady Macbeth which will give a shock to the audience this also tells the audience that Macbeths manhood is very important to him. This is what the witches play on through Lady Macbeth and her language. The witches influence Lady Macbeths language. Lady Macbeth appeals to his manhood when persuading him to murder Duncan in the first place she also makes a similar appeal during the banquet scene. Lady Macbeth thinks him too full othe milk of kind -kindness -an extraordinary statement in the light of the murders that Macbeth commits. The audiences point of view on Macbeth also changes from strong and loyal to a treacherous and murderous character.The witches also foreshadow the torture that Macbeth will feel when they say Hang upon his pen honey oilse lid He shall live a man forbid. These words rhyme this makes it sound like an enchantment, like a chant. Ill drain him dry as hay is a simile, which has been used to create a picture (of a man being tortured) of whats going to happen to Macbeth. When the audience hears this line with the word drain in it, they will be wondering whether the witches are going to drain him with blood. However its exclusively in the next line, Sleep shall neither night nor day, that the audience understands that the witches are going to drain Macbeth with sleep like one of the witches did to the poor sailor because of his wife not giving chestnuts to the witch. And munched, and munched, and munched is a repetition of the wom an eating.This emphasises the point and helps the audience to visualise the eating actions. Witches cant kill so they would do anything possible to play around with the victims consciousness. In Act 1, Scene 3, after the sailors meeting, all three sisters pronounce a chant. They also link back to evil when they say thrice to thine which again relates back to evil. The audience here will be warned about whats going to happen to Macbeth, Shakespeare uses foreshadow in this context. With this in mind, when Macbeth says Methought I heard a voice cry, Sleep no more Macbeth does murder sleep (Act 2, Scene 2) evokes a frightening atmosphere. The audience would be aware of this as it has already been foreshadowed in the introductory lines of the witches. This is also showed when the witches say Yet it shall be tempest-tossed, this also foreshadows whats going to happen to Macbeth later on, that they are going to toss him around like hes in a storm.The witches deliberately play with the cha racters they give misleading visions to Macbeth. Macbeth who was once a reputable, loyal and important Lord becomes involved with evil. We can see this when he says Though you untie the winds and let them fightEven till destruction sicken to the witches on Act 4 Scene 1. This shows that Macbeth is lively to risk all the common hazards of witchcraft, he is prepared to lay down his arms in front of evil. However what he says can also be construe as an uncontrolled ambition. Before Macbeth comes to meet the witches, Hecate tells the other witches that Macbeth has used witchcraft for his own ends, not for the witchs sake (Act 3, Scene 5). In addition, she says that by the strength of their illusion, shall draw him on to his confusion. This again foreshadows what will happen later on to Macbeth. When Macbeth comes on stage, the audience will know more than Macbeth, which is dramatic irony.Macbeth received comfort from the three apparitions that the witches call up. They appear in symbo lic form. The first, an armed head, represents Macbeths own head (wearing a helmet) the bloody(a) child that comes next is Macduff, who has been untimely rippd from his mothers womb (as he tells Macbeth in Act 5, Scene 7) and the last, the royal child with a direct in his hand, is Malcolm, the rightful King of Scotland who approaches the palace at Dunsinane camouflaged with tree-branches (Act 5, Scene 4).These are all forthcoming events but Macbeth looks at them and interpret them as that will never be (Act 4, Scene 1). The witches also dont tell him the real meaning as they want him to get confused, they want to see how hes going to interpret their pictures, and its their type of revenge for him as he had used witchcraft for his own ends. He doesnt think double about their meanings, he doesnt even try to understand them. He feels comfortable when he misunderstands that hes safe. This means that the images can symbolise different things and everyones got different ways of interpre ting them.Macbeth cannot interpret these symbols, but Shakespeare expects the audience to understand what is meant. This is dramatic irony- when the truth of a situation is known to the audience but hidden from the characters in the play. There is dramatic irony, too, in the words spoken by the apparitions, for again we understand the real meanings, while Macbeth can only understand the apparent meanings of the words. Macbeth, however, is in no doubt about the significance of the final show of Eight Kings.The witches want Macbeth to Hear his speech, but say thou nought (Act 4, Scene1). This shows that the witches do not want Macbeth to know what it really means they give ambiguous visions. The witches also say Seek to know no more (Act 4, Scene1), this means that Macbeth always wants more, he is greedy but it could also mean that the witches do not want to tell more. They want Macbeth to use his imagination to run out what the symbolic images mean, even though he goes on the wrong path, they do not stop him but encourage him to find his own interpretations. The audience would also probably feel shocked and surprised to see that a loyal man like him has turned into something evil.One of the main functions of the witches is to affect the language used by other characters which mirror their evil language. They do this with Lady Macbeth when she starts to use negative and evil connotations. She places herself in the centre of evil, we can see this when she says And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell (Act 1 Scene 5). By placing herself there she becomes one of them. Lady Macbeth starts to use symbolism she uses lots of symbols related to evil such as raven and croaks the fatal entrance. The raven is a bird associated with evil and fear, raven doesnt normally croak, fatal also means venomous so the audience might expect murder or something deadly (Act 1 Scene 5). In the beginning of the play (Act 1, Scene 3), Macbeth says So go and fair I have not seen mirr ors the witches words. The effect upon the audience of this oxymoron should be immediate they understand that what Macbeth just said is the repetition of what the witches said earlier on, this brings solicitude amongst the audience as they start to guess that Macbeth is letting evil penetrate through him.Macbeth gains the audiences sympathy by exposing his weakness -almost subconsciously. He is not a bare-faced bare murderer, but he is also a prisoner of horrendous imaginings. Shakespeare helps him gain this sympathy by making the audience decide on the moral issues involved. Shakespeare allows Lady Macbeth to explain her husbands character as she understands it, and although she cannot see the whole truth, she tells us a great deal about Macbeth that is true.Two lines of her soliloquy in Act 1, Scene 5 are particularly significant Thou wouldst be great Art not without ambition, not without The illness should attend it. By illness Lady Macbeth mean evil, but her metaphor is approp riate Macbeth catches evil, as one might catch a disease. Duncan getting killed creates slaughter it upsets the natural order and the reminder to the audience that you have to accept the King or Queen chosen by God is very well interpreted so that the message is clear. If you unbalance the natural order, youll allow evil to take over. A paradox is used when Macbeth changes from a loyal Lord to a murderer. This is one of the important turning points.Macbeth gains the crown but he loses love, friendship, respect and in the end his life. His crime is rightly punished. It can be argued that the witches are not human at all, and therefore cannot be considered as a character. They are certainly a malign force in the play. They do not invite Macbeth to murder Duncan or even suggest such a thing. This shows that witches are very powerful. They symbolise evil, but man is free to resist them. Macbeths downfall occurs partially because he comes to depend upon their information. The prophecie s werent prophecies they were Macbeths driving force. The audience will not be very pleased to see the witches as they are supernatural phenomena they are the device that unbalances the natural order. The audience will also be partly surprised that Shakespeare has included Hecate, the leader of the witches as a real person. besides as I said before it was all in Macbeths hand, he was the one to choose his faith.